{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:26:34Z","timestamp":1767338794036,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern surgical education is focused on making use of the available technologies in order to train and assess surgical skill acquisition. Innovative technologies for the automatic, objective assessment of nontechnical skills are currently under research. The main aim of this study is to determine whether personal resourcefulness can be assessed by monitoring parameters that are related to stress and visual attention and whether there is a relation between these and psychomotor skills in surgical education. For this purpose, we implemented an application in order to monitor the electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response (GSR), gaze and performance of surgeons-in-training while performing a laparoscopic box-trainer task so as to obtain technical and personal resourcefulness\u2019 metrics. Eight surgeons (6 nonexperts and 2 experts) completed the experiment. A total of 22 metrics were calculated (7 technical and 15 related to personal resourcefulness) per subject. The average values of these metrics in the presence of stressors were compared with those in their absence and depending on the participants\u2019 expertise. The results show that both the mean normalized GSR signal and average surgical instrument\u2019s acceleration change significantly when stressors are present. Additionally, the GSR and acceleration were found to be correlated, which indicates that there is a relation between psychomotor skills and personal resourcefulness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:36:27Z","timestamp":1642970187000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Correlating Personal Resourcefulness and Psychomotor Skills: An Analysis of Stress, Visual Attention and Technical Metrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-3945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A. S\u00e1nchez","family":"Margallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Cirug\u00eda de M\u00ednima Invasi\u00f3n Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Snoriguzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Castillo","family":"Rabazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Cirug\u00eda de M\u00ednima Invasi\u00f3n Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M. S\u00e1nchez","family":"Margallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Cirug\u00eda de M\u00ednima Invasi\u00f3n Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique J.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Oropesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2015.04.005","article-title":"Advanced Engineering Technology for Measuring Performance","volume":"95","author":"Rutherford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. 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