{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:39:00Z","timestamp":1777639140857,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-CE40-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-CE40-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec  - Nature et technologies","award":["2021-NC-286323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-NC-286323"]}]},{"name":"Thomas Jefferson Foundation","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a quantized Kalman filter implemented using unreliable memories. We consider that both the quantization and the unreliable memories introduce errors in the computations, and we develop an error propagation model that takes into account these two sources of errors. In addition to providing updated Kalman filter equations, the proposed error model accurately predicts the covariance of the estimation error and gives a relation between the performance of the filter and its energy consumption, depending on the noise level in the memories. Then, since memories are responsible for a large part of the energy consumption of embedded systems, optimization methods are introduced to minimize the memory energy consumption under the desired estimation performance of the filter. The first method computes the optimal energy levels allocated to each memory bank individually, and the second one optimizes the energy allocation per groups of memory banks. Simulations show a close match between the theoretical analysis and experimental results. Furthermore, they demonstrate an important reduction in energy consumption of more than 50%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:36:27Z","timestamp":1642970187000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Unreliable Memories for Quantized Kalman Filtering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, CNRS UMR 6285, 29238 Brest, France"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Dupraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, CNRS UMR 6285, 29238 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdeldjalil","family":"A\u00efssa-El-Bey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, CNRS UMR 6285, 29238 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lav R.","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5528-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Leduc-Primeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","article-title":"A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems","volume":"82","author":"Kalman","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. 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