{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:46:24Z","timestamp":1761864384839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2018YFA0702800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018YFA0702800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 12072056, 51805068 and 12102075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 12072056, 51805068 and 12102075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and technology research project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["L2019003, L2020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2019003, L2020005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT19ZD101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT19ZD101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bars are significant load-carrying components in engineering structures. In particular, L-bars are typical structural components commonly used in truss structures and have typical irregular asymmetric cross-sections. To ensure the safety of load-carrying bars, much research has been done for non-destructive testing (NDT). Ultrasonic guided waves have been widely applied in various NDT techniques for bars as a result of the long-range propagation, low attenuation, and high sensitivity to damages. Though good for inspection of ultrasonic guided waves in symmetric cross-section bar-like structures, the application in asymmetric ones lacks further research. Moreover, traditional damage detection in bars using ultrasonic guided waves usually depends on a single-mode at a lower frequency with lower sensitivity and accuracy. To make full use of all frequencies and modes, a multi-mode characteristic-based damage detection method is presented with the sum of multiple signals (SoM) strategy for L-bars with asymmetric cross-section. To control the desired mode in multi-mode ultrasonic guided waves, excitation optimization and weighted gathering are carried out by the analysis of the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method and the normal mode expansion (NME) method. An L-bar example with the asymmetric cross-section of 35 mm \u00d7 20 mm \u00d7 3 mm is used to specialize the proposed method, and some finite element (FE) models have been simulated to validate the mode control. In addition, one PZT is applied as a contrast in order to validate the multielement mode control. Then, more FE simulations experiments for damage detection have been performed to validate the damage detection method and verify the improvement in detection accuracy and damage sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-Mode Ultrasonic Guided Waves Based Damage Detection in L-Bars with Asymmetric Cross-Section with Sum of Multiple Signals Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhengyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Transportation Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116024, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7895-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan 523808, China"}]},{"given":"Yuebin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan 523808, China"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transkportation, Dalian University of Science and Technology, Dalian 116052, China"}]},{"given":"Zhanjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, H., and Giurgiutiu, V. 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