{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T21:35:35Z","timestamp":1773437735808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEWM-2020-0042 (\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041020-120111190016-9)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEWM-2020-0042 (\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041020-120111190016-9)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEWM-2020-0042 (\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041020-120111190016-9)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEWM-2020-0042 (\u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041020-120111190016-9)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper considers the application of signal processing methods to passive indoor positioning with acoustics microphones. The key aspect of this problem is time-delay estimation (TDE) that is used to get the time difference of arrival of the source\u2019s signal between the pair of distributed microphones. This paper studies the approach based on generalized phase spectrum (GPS) TDE methods. These methods use frequency-domain information about the received signals that make them different from widely applied generalized cross-correlation (GCC) methods. Despite the more challenging implementation, GPS TDE methods can be less demanding on computational resources and memory than conventional GCC ones. We propose an algorithmic implementation of a GPS estimator and study the various frequency weighting options in applications to TDE in a small room acoustic environment. The study shows that the GPS method is a reliable option for small acoustically dead rooms and could be effectively applied in presence of moderate in-band noises. However, GPS estimators are far less efficient in less acoustically dead environments, where other TDE options should be considered. The distinguishing feature of the proposed solution is the ability to get the time delay using a limited number of the adjusted bins. The solution could be useful for passively locating moving emitters of narrow-band continual noises using computationally simple frequency detection algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1643258991000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Study of Generalized Phase Spectrum Time Delay Estimation Method for Source Positioning in Small Room Acoustic Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9643-0245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Faerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Acquisition, Processing and Manipulating Biological Signals, Institute of System Integration and Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Valeriy","family":"Avramchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Information Security of Computer Systems, Faculty of Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Kirill","family":"Voevodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complex Information Security of Computer Systems, Faculty of Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Sidorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irkutsk Supercomputer Center of SB RAS, 134, Lermontova, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny","family":"Kostyuchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Acquisition, Processing and Manipulating Biological Signals, Institute of System Integration and Security, Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, 40 Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/79.708539","article-title":"Highlights of Statistical Signal and Array Processing","volume":"15","author":"Juang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc. 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