{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:32:34Z","timestamp":1768404754078,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72001039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72001039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71671035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71671035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12102090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12102090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corrosion and crack defects often exist at the same time in pipelines. The interaction impact between these defects could potentially affect the growth of the fatigue crack. In this paper, a crack propagation method is proposed for pipelines with interacting corrosion and crack defects. The finite element models are built to obtain the Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) for fatigue crack. SIF interaction impact ratio is introduced to describe the interaction effect of corrosion on fatigue crack. Two approaches based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) are proposed in this paper to predict the SIF interaction impact ratio at the deepest point of the crack defect for pipelines with interacting corrosion and crack defects. Crack size, corrosion size and the axial distance between these two defects are the factors that have an impact on the growth of the fatigue crack, and so they are considered as the input of XGBoost models. Based on the synthetic samples from finite element modeling, it has been proved that the proposed approaches can effectively predict the SIF interaction impact ratio with relatively high accuracy. The crack propagation models are built based on the proposed XGBoost models, Paris\u2019 law and corrosion growth model. Sensitivity analyses regarding corrosion initial depth and axial distance between defects are performed. The proposed method can support pipeline integrity management by linking the crack propagation model with corrosion size, crack size and the axial distance. The problem of how the interaction between corrosion and crack defects impacts crack defect growth is investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1643320917000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Crack Propagation Method for Pipelines with Interacting Corrosion and Crack Defects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mingjiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Weinan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information System, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116018, China"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2016.11.007","article-title":"A review on pipeline corrosion, in-line inspection (ILI), and corrosion growth rate models","volume":"149","author":"Vanaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2010.04.003","article-title":"Review of pipeline integrity management practices","volume":"87","author":"Kishawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2018.05.010","article-title":"A review on pipeline integrity management utilizing in-line inspection data","volume":"92","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.01.005","article-title":"A stochastic defect growth model for reliability assessment of corroded underground pipelines","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2015.11.052","article-title":"Markov chain modelling for time evolution of internal pitting corrosion distribution of oil and gas pipelines","volume":"60","author":"Ossai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2013.04.011","article-title":"Stochastic process corrosion growth models for pipeline reliability","volume":"74","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11709-013-0207-9","article-title":"Inverse Gaussian process-based corrosion growth modeling and its application in the reliability analysis for energy pipelines","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Struct. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.12.041","article-title":"Remaining useful life estimation using an inverse Gaussian degradation model","volume":"185","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2014.06.005","article-title":"Inverse Gaussian process models for degradation analysis: A Bayesian perspective","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2016.09.001","article-title":"Gas transmission pipeline failure probability estimation and defect repairs activities based on in-line inspection data","volume":"70","author":"Witek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.01.021","article-title":"Risk-based pipeline re-assessment optimization considering corrosion defects","volume":"38","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2017.1285330","article-title":"First-order reliability method-based system reliability analyses of corroding pipelines considering multiple defects and failure modes","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2016.05.007","article-title":"Interaction of corrosion defects in pipelines e Part 1: Fundamentals","volume":"144","author":"Benjamin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2016.06.006","article-title":"Interaction of corrosion defects in pipelines e Part 2: MTI JIP database of corroded pipe tests","volume":"145","author":"Benjamin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663682","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2019.1663682","article-title":"Model for remaining strength estimation of a corroded pipeline with interacting defects for oil and gas operations","volume":"6","author":"Amandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.04.010","article-title":"Modelling of mechano-electrochemical interaction of multiple longitudinally aligned corrosion defects on oil\/gas pipelines","volume":"190","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2019.01.009","article-title":"Structural integrity analysis of pipelines with interacting corrosion defects by multiphysics modeling","volume":"97","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2014.09.013","article-title":"Failure assessment of X80 pipeline with interacting corrosion defects","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550063","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219455415500637","article-title":"Buckling Strength of Corroded Pipelines with Interacting Corrosion Defects: Numerical Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kuppusamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2013.10.013","article-title":"Fatigue crack growth modeling of pipeline steels in high pressure gaseous hydrogen","volume":"62","author":"Amaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031702","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039780","article-title":"An Integrated Prognostics Approach for Pipeline Fatigue Crack Growth Prediction Utilizing Inline Inspection Data","volume":"140","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Press. Vessel. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2020.104115","article-title":"Crack propagation and burst pressure of longitudinally cracked pipelines using extended finite element method","volume":"184","author":"Okodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Press. Vessel. Pip."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2017.09.011","article-title":"Fatigue crack growth investigation on offshore pipelines with three-dimensional interacting cracks","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2014.04.002","article-title":"The probabilistic life time prediction model of oil pipeline due to local corrosion crack","volume":"70","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2011.01.004","article-title":"Crack growth prediction for underground high pressure gas lines exposed to concentrated carbonate\u2013bicarbonate solution with high pH","volume":"78","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2007.11.008","article-title":"Multiple cracks effects and identification","volume":"22","author":"Sekhar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Guestrin, C. (2016). XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, A., Mallet-Paret, J., and Griffin, K. (October, January 29). Probabilistic Modeling of Crack Threats and the Effects of Mitigation. Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/IPC2014-33511"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, A., Hubert, Y., Textor, S., and Haider, S. (October, January 29). Allowable Pressure Cycling Limits for Liquid Pipelines. Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/IPC2014-33566"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waheed, B., McAuliff, K., and Bhuyan, G. (2016, January 26\u201330). Knowledge Gained From a Five-Year Regulatory Compliance Assurance Process for Operators\u2019 Pipeline Integrity Management Programs. Proceedings of the 2016 10th International Pipeline Conference, Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1115\/IPC2016-64161"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:08:55Z","timestamp":1760134135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22030986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22030986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}