{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:29:51Z","timestamp":1779294591579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The free cantilever method (FCM) is a bridge construction method in which the left and right segments are joined in sequence from a pier without using a bottom strut. To support the imbalance of the left and right moments during construction, temporary steel rods, upon which tensile force is applied that cannot be managed after construction, are embedded in the pier. If there is an excessive loss of tensile force applied to the steel rods, the segments can collapse owing to the unbalanced moment, which may cause personal and property damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the tensile force in the temporary steel rods to prevent such accidents. In this study, a tensile force estimation method for the temporary steel rods of an FCM bridge using embedded Elasto-Magnetic (EM) sensors was proposed. After the tensile force was applied to the steel rods, the change in tensile force was monitored according to the changing area of a magnetic hysteresis curve, as measured by the embedded EM sensors. To verify the field applicability of the proposed method, the EM sensors were installed in an FCM bridge pier under construction. The three sensors were installed in conjunction with a sheath tube, and the magnetic hysteresis curve was measured over nine months. Temperature data from the measurement period were used to compensate for the error due to daily temperature fluctuations. The estimated tensile force was consistent with an error range of \u00b14% when compared with the reference value measured by the load cell. Based on the results of this experiment, the applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T22:01:57Z","timestamp":1643320917000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Verification of Tensile Force Estimation Method for Temporary Steel Rods of FCM Bridges Based on Area of Magnetic Hysteresis Curve Using Embedded Elasto-Magnetic Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Won-Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipment Group, Industrial Materials Team 2, Materials Division, Samsung C&T Corporation, Seoul 05510, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Future City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junkyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safety Inspection for Infrastructure Laboratory (SIIL), Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jooyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Civil, Architectural and Environmental System Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5491-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety Engineering, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6265-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil, Architectural Engineering & Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Technical Research Center, Smart Inside AI Co., Ltd., Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.042","article-title":"Monitoring the hardening process of ultra high performance concrete using decomposed modes of guided waves","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. 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