{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T18:06:17Z","timestamp":1775671577102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An on-line multi-frequency electrical resistance tomography (mfERT) device with a melt-resistive sensor and noise reduction hardware has been proposed for crystalline phase imaging in high-temperature molten oxide. The melt-resistive sensor consists of eight electrodes made of platinum-rhodium (Pt-20mass%Rh) alloy covered by non-conductive aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to prevent an electrical short. The noise reduction hardware has been designed by two approaches: (1) total harmonic distortion (THD) for the robust multiplexer, and (2) a current injection frequency pair: low fL and high fH, for thermal noise compensation. THD is determined by a percentage evaluation of k-th harmonic distortions of ZnO at f=0.1~10,000 Hz. The fL and fH are determined by the thermal noise behavior estimation at different temperatures. At \u00a0f\u00a0&lt;100 Hz, the THD percentage is relatively high and fluctuates; otherwise, THD dramatically declines, nearly reaching zero. At the determined fL\u2265 10,000 Hz and fH\u2248 1,000,000 Hz, thermal noise is significantly compensated. The on-line mfERT was tested in the experiments of a non-conductive Al2O3 rod dipped into conductive molten zinc-borate (60ZnO-40B2O3) at 1000~1200 \u00b0C. As a result, the on-line mfERT is able to reconstruct the Al2O3 rod inclusion images in the high-temperature fields with low error, \u03c2fL,\u00a0T = 5.99%, at 1000 \u00b0C, and an average error\u00a0\u27e8\u03c2fL\u27e9 = 9.2%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1643420607000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["On-Line Multi-Frequency Electrical Resistance Tomography (mfERT) Device for Crystalline Phase Imaging in High-Temperature Molten Oxide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0509-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prima Asmara","family":"Sejati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Fundamental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noritaka","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5167-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosephus Ardean Kurnianto","family":"Prayitno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Fundamental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Fundamental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panji Nursetia","family":"Darma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Fundamental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miku","family":"Arisato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Fundamental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.10.108","article-title":"Numerical investigation on phase change cooling and crystallization of a molten blast furnace slag droplet","volume":"118","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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