{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:29:47Z","timestamp":1771457387449,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper discusses the challenge of modeling in-flight startle causality as a precursor to enabling the development of suitable mitigating flight training paradigms. The article presents an overview of aviation human factors and their depiction in fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs), based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. The approach exemplifies system modeling with agents (causal factors), which showcase the problem space\u2019s characteristics as fuzzy cognitive map elements (concepts). The FCM prototype enables four essential functions: explanatory, predictive, reflective, and strategic. This utility of fuzzy cognitive maps is due to their flexibility, objective representation, and effectiveness at capturing a broad understanding of a highly dynamic construct. Such dynamism is true of in-flight startle causality. On the other hand, FCMs can help to highlight potential distortions and limitations of use case representation to enhance future flight training paradigms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1643501576000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Integrating the HFACS Framework and Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping for In-Flight Startle Causality Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiodun Brimmo","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9514-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Lian","family":"Kor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hissam","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Built Environment, Engineering and Computing, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1304_03","article-title":"Measuring General Aviation Pilot Jugment Using a Situational Judgment Technique","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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