{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:36:20Z","timestamp":1777898180300,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innovation in wireless communications and microtechnology has progressed day by day, and this has resulted in the creation of wireless sensor networks. This technology is utilised in a variety of settings, including battlefield surveillance, home security, and healthcare monitoring, among others. However, since tiny batteries with very little power are used, this technology has power and target monitoring issues. With the development of various architectures and algorithms, considerable research has been done to address these problems. The adaptive learning automata algorithm (ALAA) is a scheduling machine learning method that is utilised in this study. It offers a time-saving scheduling method. As a result, each sensor node in the network has been outfitted with learning automata, allowing them to choose their appropriate state at any given moment. The sensor is in one of two states: active or sleep. Several experiments were conducted to get the findings of the suggested method. Different parameters are utilised in this experiment to verify the consistency of the method for scheduling the sensor node so that it can cover all of the targets while using less power. The experimental findings indicate that the proposed method is an effective approach to schedule sensor nodes to monitor all targets while using less electricity. Finally, we have benchmarked our technique against the LADSC scheduling algorithm. All of the experimental data collected thus far demonstrate that the suggested method has justified the problem description and achieved the project\u2019s aim. Thus, while constructing an actual sensor network, our suggested algorithm may be utilised as a useful technique for scheduling sensor nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1643593581000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Using Adaptive Sensors for Optimised Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Junaid","family":"Akram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Kouzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/architecture1010003","article-title":"A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Developing Review-Based Conceptual Frameworks in the Built Environment","volume":"1","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Architecture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4030065","article-title":"Application of Deep Learning on UAV-Based Aerial Images for Flood Detection","volume":"4","author":"Munawar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Ullah, F., Khan, S., Qadir, Z., and Qayyum, S. (2021). UAV Assisted Spatiotemporal Analysis and Management of Bushfires: A Case Study of the 2020 Victorian Bushfires. Fire, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire4030040"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, B., Maqsoom, A., Khalid, N., Ullah, F., and Sepasgozar, S. (2021). Urban Overheating Assessment through Prediction of Surface Temperatures: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10080539"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120743","article-title":"Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: A TOE framework","volume":"167","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04783-w","article-title":"Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: Spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events","volume":"108","author":"Atif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103022","article-title":"Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework","volume":"72","author":"Qayyum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2021.100217","article-title":"A prototype of an energy-efficient MAGLEV train: A step towards cleaner train transport","volume":"4","author":"Qadir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H.S., Hammad, A.W.A., Haddad, A., Soares, C.A.P., and Waller, S.T. (2021). Image-Based Crack Detection Methods: A Review. Infrastructures, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures6080115"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2021.101337","article-title":"UAVs path planning architecture for effective medical emergency response in future networks","volume":"47","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Aggarwal, R., Qadir, Z., Khan, S., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). A Gabor Filter-Based Protocol for Automated Image-Based Building Detection. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11070302"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H.S., Khan, S.I., Qadir, Z., Kiani, Y.S., Kouzani, A.Z., and Mahmud, M.A.P. (2021). Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179611"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2021.04.023","article-title":"It\u2019s all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms","volume":"12","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.101527","article-title":"Barriers to the digitalisation and innovation of Australian Smart Real Estate: A managerial perspective on the technology non-adoption","volume":"22","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1002\/int.22422","article-title":"Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real-estate advertisement materials","volume":"36","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, F., and Al-Turjman, F. (2021). A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities. Neural Comput. Appl., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05800-6"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.01.003","article-title":"Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Qadir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2532458","article-title":"Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"18","author":"Agiwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.09.008","article-title":"Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: A survey","volume":"60","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram, J., Malik, S., Ansari, S., Rizvi, H., Kim, D., and Hasnain, R. (December, January 18). Intelligent Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks with Adaptive Sensors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall), Virtual.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348848"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2017.0090","article-title":"Target coverage heuristic based on learning automata in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Manju","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"433","article-title":"A PSO based energy efficient coverage control algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2002.1049606","article-title":"Varieties of learning automata: An overview","volume":"32","author":"Thathachar","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. Part B Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callebaut, G., Leenders, G., Van Mulders, J., Ottoy, G., De Strycker, L., and Van der Perre, L. (2021). The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices\u2014Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030913"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Rostami, A.S., Mohanna, F., Keshavarz, H., and Badkoobe, M. (2014). Target coverage in wireless sensor networks. Recent Advances in Ad Hoc Networks Research, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74315","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986493","article-title":"Proficient QoS-Based Target Coverage Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Manju","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2016.2574563","article-title":"Optimally Approximating the Coverage Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"25","author":"Pananjady","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Hammad, A., Waller, S., Thaheem, M., and Shrestha, A. (2021). An Integrated Approach for Post-Disaster Flood Management Via the Use of Cutting-Edge Technologies and UAVs: A Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147925"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H.S., Inam, H., Ullah, F., Qayyum, S., Kouzani, A.Z., and Mahmud, M.A.P. (2021). Towards Smart Healthcare: UAV-Based Optimized Path Planning for Delivering COVID-19 Self-Testing Kits Using Cutting Edge Technologies. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810426"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4251","article-title":"Swarm robotics in wireless distributed protocol design for coordinating robots involved in cooperative tasks","volume":"22","author":"Palmieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.03.038","article-title":"Self-adaptive decision-making mechanisms to balance the execution of multiple tasks for a multi-robots team","volume":"306","author":"Palmieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-2998-4","article-title":"Comparison of bio-inspired algorithms applied to the coordination of mobile robots considering the energy consumption","volume":"31","author":"Palmieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-013-0236-0","article-title":"An efficient and distributed file search in unstructured peer-to-peer networks","volume":"8","author":"Shojafar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Peer-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, F., Khan, S.I., Munawar, H.S., Qadir, Z., and Qayyum, S. (2021). UAV Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of the 2019\u20132020 New South Wales Bushfires. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810207"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram, J., Javed, A., Khan, S., Akram, A., Munawar, H.S., and Ahmad, W. (2021, January 22\u201326). Swarm intelligence based localization in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3412841.3442062"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram, J., Najam, Z., and Rizwi, H. (2018, January 8\u201310). Energy Efficient Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Computational Intelligence. Proceedings of the 2018 15th International Conference on Smart Cities: Improving Quality of Life Using ICT & IoT (HONET-ICT), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HONET.2018.8551332"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-013-1054-0","article-title":"An efficient routing algorithm to preserve $$k$$ k -coverage in wireless sensor networks","volume":"68","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, A., Rehman, A.U., Ali, G., and Akram, J. (2019, January 30\u201331). Efficient Energy Utilization in Fog Computing based Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (ICoMET), Sukkur, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOMET.2019.8673423"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmood, M., Javaid, N., Akram, J., Abbasi, S.H., Rahman, A., and Saeed, F. (2019). Efficient Resource Distribution in Cloud and Fog Computing. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98530-5_18"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram, J., Najam, Z., and Rafi, A. (2018, January 17\u201319). Efficient Resource Utilization in Cloud-Fog Environment Integrated with Smart Grids. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2018.00040"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/09720529.2020.1729511","article-title":"Target K-coverage problem in wireless sensor networks","volume":"23","author":"Manju","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Discret. Math. Sci. Cryptogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2015.0094","article-title":"Maximising network lifetime for target coverage problem in wireless sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Manju","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2322356","article-title":"Maximum Lifetime Scheduling for Target Coverage and Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"64","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-wss.2016.0076","article-title":"Efficient scalable sensor node placement algorithm for fixed target coverage applications of wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Njoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Wirel. Sens. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2513767","article-title":"Analysis of Energy-Efficient Connected Target Coverage Algorithms for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.022","article-title":"A sleep scheduling approach based on learning automata for WSN partialcoverage","volume":"80","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0885-y","article-title":"Maximizing Lifetime of Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Learning Automata","volume":"71","author":"Mostafaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Ullah, F., Qayyum, S., Khan, S., and Mojtahedi, M. (2021). UAVs in Disaster Management: Application of Integrated Aerial Imagery and Convolutional Neural Network for Flood Detection. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147547"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaquat, M., Munawar, H., Rahman, A., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). Localization of Sound Sources: A Systematic Review. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14133910"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaquat, M., Munawar, H., Rahman, A., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). Sound Localization for Ad-Hoc Microphone Arrays. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14123446"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqsoom, A., Aslam, B., Gul, M.E., Ullah, F., Kouzani, A.Z., Mahmud, M.A.P., and Nawaz, A. (2021). Using Multivariate Regression and ANN Models to Predict Properties of Concrete Cured under Hot Weather. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810164"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, Q., Nasir, A.R., Muhammad, R., Thaheem, M.J., Ullah, F., Khan, K.I.A., and Hassan, M.U. (2021). BIMp-Chart\u2014A Global Decision Support System for Measuring BIM Implementation Level in Construction Organizations. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169270"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2021.101660","article-title":"Modelling users\u2019 perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: An integrated KANO-SISQual approach","volume":"63","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"193","article-title":"Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor\u2019s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance","volume":"3","author":"Azeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag. Innov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Khan, S., Anum, N., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M.P. (2021). Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114823"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaukat, M., Shaukat, H., Qadir, Z., Munawar, H., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). Cluster Analysis and Model Comparison Using Smart Meter Data. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093157"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H., Khan, S., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A., and Mahmud, M. (2021). Insight into the Impact of COVID-19 on Australian Transportation Sector: An Economic and Community-Based Perspective. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031276"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"78","article-title":"Examining the impact of students\u2019 attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students\u2019 performance: A case of building structures course in construction management","volume":"20","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Econ. Build."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low, S., Ullah, F., Shirowzhan, S., Sepasgozar, S.M., and Lee, C.L. (2020). Smart Digital Marketing Capabilities for Sustainable Property Development: A Case of Malaysia. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12135402"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, F., and Sepasgozar, S.M.E. (2020). Key Factors Influencing Purchase or Rent Decisions in Smart Real Estate Investments: A System Dynamics Approach Using Online Forum Thread Data. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114382"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munawar, H.S., Qayyum, S., Ullah, F., and Sepasgozar, S. (2020). Big Data and Its Applications in Smart Real Estate and the Disaster Management Life Cycle: A Systematic Analysis. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc4020004"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Q., Thaheem, M.J., Ullah, F., and Sepasgozar, S.M.E. (2020). The Performance Gap in Energy-Efficient Office Buildings: How the Occupants Can Help?. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13061480"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Sepasgozar, S., and Ali, T.H. (2019, January 5\u20137). Real Estate Stakeholders Technology Acceptance Model (RESTAM): User-focused Big9 Disruptive Technologies for Smart Real Estate Management Smart City Management: Applications of Disruptive Technologies View project Six Sigma implementation in construction industry of Pakistan View project Real Estate Stakeholders Technology Acceptance Model (RESTAM): User-focused Big9 Disruptive Technologies for Smart Real Estate Management. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Development in Civil Engineering (ICSDC 2019), Jamshoro, Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"115","article-title":"Flood Disaster Management: Risks, Technologies, and Future Directions","volume":"1","author":"Munawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Insp. Syst. Image Processing Concepts Methodol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reconfigurable Origami Antennas: A Review of the Existing Technology and its Future Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Munawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Microw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"269","article-title":"A review of public-private partnership: Critical factors of concession period","volume":"21","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Financial Manag. Prop. Constr."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Overview of Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless Body Area Networks and Possible Future Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Munawar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Microw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04518022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000280","article-title":"System Dynamics Model to Determine Concession Period of PPP Infrastructure Projects: Overarching Effects of Critical Success Factors","volume":"10","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leg. Aff. Disput. Resolut. Eng. Constr."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"418","article-title":"Concession period of public private partnership projects: Industry\u2013academia gap analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Ayub, B., Rasheed, F., and Sepasgozar, S.M. (2016, January 23\u201324). Risks In EPC Hydropower Projects: A Case Of Pakistan. Proceedings of the 8th International Civil Engineering Congress (ICEC-2016) \u201cEnsuring Technological Advancement through Innovation Based Knowledge Corridor\u201d, Karachi, Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"13","article-title":"Version Management by Time Based Approach in Modern Era","volume":"7","author":"Munawar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2017.05.03","article-title":"Maqsood, Revolutionizing Telemedicine by Instilling H.265","volume":"9","author":"Khalid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Graph. Signal Processing"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:24Z","timestamp":1760134284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22031083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22031083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]}}}