{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T06:20:08Z","timestamp":1762410008419,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA227699, EB029805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA227699, EB029805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RAPID 2027778, CBET 1900277."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RAPID 2027778, CBET 1900277."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the biosensor research community has made rapid progress in the development of nanostructured materials capable of amplifying the interaction between light and biological matter. A common objective is to concentrate the electromagnetic energy associated with light into nanometer-scale volumes that, in many cases, can extend below the conventional Abb\u00e9 diffraction limit. Dating back to the first application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions, resonant optical structures, including waveguides, ring resonators, and photonic crystals, have proven to be effective conduits for a wide range of optical enhancement effects that include enhanced excitation of photon emitters (such as quantum dots, organic dyes, and fluorescent proteins), enhanced extraction from photon emitters, enhanced optical absorption, and enhanced optical scattering (such as from Raman-scatterers and nanoparticles). The application of photonic metamaterials as a means for enhancing contrast in microscopy is a recent technological development. Through their ability to generate surface-localized and resonantly enhanced electromagnetic fields, photonic metamaterials are an effective surface for magnifying absorption, photon emission, and scattering associated with biological materials while an imaging system records spatial and temporal patterns. By replacing the conventional glass microscope slide with a photonic metamaterial, new forms of contrast and enhanced signal-to-noise are obtained for applications that include cancer diagnostics, infectious disease diagnostics, cell membrane imaging, biomolecular interaction analysis, and drug discovery. This paper will review the current state of the art in which photonic metamaterial surfaces are utilized in the context of microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:46:21Z","timestamp":1643593581000},"page":"1086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Microscopies Enabled by Photonic Metamaterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nantao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Congnyu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priyash","family":"Barya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weinan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoxiong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61822, USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8824","DOI":"10.1021\/nn403287a","article-title":"Plasmon-enhanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on large arrays of individual particles made by electron beam lithography","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274002","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/49\/27\/274002","article-title":"Visualization of lipids and proteins at high spatial and temporal resolution via interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy","volume":"49","author":"Spindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. 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