{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:45:48Z","timestamp":1774896348152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB023808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB023808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) exacerbations, characterized by pulmonary congestion and breathlessness, require frequent hospitalizations, often resulting in poor outcomes. Current methods for tracking lung fluid and respiratory distress are unable to produce continuous, holistic measures of cardiopulmonary health. We present a multimodal sensing system that captures bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), multi-channel lung sounds from four contact microphones, multi-frequency impedance pneumography (IP), temperature, and kinematics to track changes in cardiopulmonary status. We first validated the system on healthy subjects (n = 10) and then conducted a feasibility study on patients (n = 14) with HF in clinical settings. Three measurements were taken throughout the course of hospitalization, and parameters relevant to lung fluid status\u2014the ratio of the resistances at 5 kHz to those at 150 kHz (K)\u2014and respiratory timings (e.g., respiratory rate) were extracted. We found a statistically significant increase in K (p &lt; 0.05) from admission to discharge and observed respiratory timings in physiologically plausible ranges. The IP-derived respiratory signals and lung sounds were sensitive enough to detect abnormal respiratory patterns (Cheyne\u2013Stokes) and inspiratory crackles from patient recordings, respectively. We demonstrated that the proposed system is suitable for detecting changes in pulmonary fluid status and capturing high-quality respiratory signals and lung sounds in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"1130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Wearable Multimodal Sensing System for Tracking Changes in Pulmonary Fluid Status, Lung Sounds, and Respiratory Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus Antonio","family":"Sanchez-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Berkebile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA"}]},{"given":"Brandi N.","family":"Nevius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"Goktug C.","family":"Ozmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"Venu G.","family":"Ganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"Samer A.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA"}]},{"given":"Gari D.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"Rishikesan","family":"Kamaleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer T.","family":"Inan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA"},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update: A report from the american heart association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inamdar, A.A., and Inamdar, A.C. (2016). Inamdar Heart failure: Diagnosis, management and utilization. J. Clin. 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