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In the mixed layer (ML), \u03b5 values were typically on the order of 10\u22128\u223c10\u22127 W kg\u22121, and an obvious diurnal cycle existed in the upper 40 m of the surface mixing layer. Below the ML, \u03b5 was reduced to 10\u22129\u223c10\u22128 W kg\u22121 with some patches of high \u03b5 reaching 10\u22127.5 W kg\u22121. The barrier layer was identified in the nighttime with a maximum thickness of 20 m, and it was eroded by the advection of freshwater within the lower part of the isothermal layers associated with an anticyclonic eddy in the afternoon. A simple scaling relevant to shear (S2) instability and stratification (N2) that can predict turbulent dissipation rates in the transition layer, between the well-mixed layer and the thermocline below, was obtained through the scaling \u03b5\u223cS\u22120.40N0.20. Besides turbulence, double-diffusive processes also contributed to the vertical mixing levels in the upper WPNEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1644180018000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct Measurements of Turbulence in the Upper Western Pacific North Equatorial Current over a 25-h Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengchang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenglong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Dewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean, Atmosphere and Earth Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee 32304, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Crawford, W.R., and Osborn, T.R. 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