{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:53:21Z","timestamp":1781279601405,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57507870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57507870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, wideband microwave spectroscopy (WBMS) has been applied for material characterization. Blood glucose sensing through microwave spectroscopy is usually done with resonant frequency-domain methods. Time-domain (TD) WBMS is a low-cost and convenient technique that can be used for glucose sensing of the aqueous solution. In this paper, early research for the implementation of a TD dielectric spectroscopy setup for glucose concentration measurement is presented. TD reflected signals from water with different glucose content are calculated using inverse Laplace transform. The proposed setup is a quasi-monostatic setup in which measurements are done with two different devices in the frequency range of 0.1 to 6 GHz to make a comparison between frequency domain (FD) and TD methods. Frequency domain (FD) measurement is performed with VNA and two Vivaldi antennas. Then, TD data is obtained using the transforming option of VNA. Direct TD measurement is operated with a maximum length sequence (m-sequence) transceiver. Measurement and numerical results follow the same trend and show good agreement with each other. A monotonic relation between peaks of TD signals and the corresponding glucose concentration is achieved. The variation of the height of the reflected signal\u2019s peak is 0.00002 and 0.0005 for each 50 mg\/dL glucose concentration with FD measurements and direct TD measurements, respectively. The glucose concentration range of 25 mg\/dL to 400 mg\/dL is investigated, and the worst repeatability of this method is 3.65% for 300 mg\/dL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1644180018000},"page":"1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Feasibility Study of Glucose Concentration Measurement of Aqueous Solution Using Time Domain Reflected Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Time-Domain Electromagnetics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1631714191, Iran"},{"name":"Institute for Electronics Engineering, University of Erlangen, 91058 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somayyeh","family":"Chammani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Time-Domain Electromagnetics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1631714191, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-2005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electronics Engineering, University of Erlangen, 91058 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roglic, G. 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