{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T17:46:20Z","timestamp":1782668780696,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61805021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61805021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study experimentally investigated the effects of hydrogen direct injection on combustion and the cycle-by-cycle variations in a spark ignition n-butanol engine under lean burn conditions. For this purpose, a spark ignition engine installed with a hydrogen and n-butanol dual fuel injection system was specially developed. Experiments were conducted at four excess air ratios, four hydrogen fractions(\u03c6(\ud835\udc3b2)) and pure n-butanol. Engine speed and intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP) were kept at 1500 r\/min and 43 kPa, respectively. The results indicate that the \u03b80\u201310 and \u03b810\u201390 decreased gradually with the increase in hydrogen fraction. Additionally, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), the peak cylinder pressure (Pmax) and the maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP\/d\u03c6)max) increased gradually, while their cycle-by-cycle variations decreased with the increase in hydrogen fraction. In addition, the correlation between the (dP\/d\u03c6)max and its corresponding crank angle became weak with the increase in the excess air coefficient (\u03bb), which tends to be strongly correlated with the increase in hydrogen fraction. The coefficient of variation of the Pmax and the IMEP increased with the increase in \u03bb, while they decreased obviously after blending in the hydrogen under lean burn conditions. Furthermore, when \u03bb was 1.0, a 5% hydrogen fraction improved the cycle-by-cycle variations most significantly. While a larger hydrogen fraction is needed to achieve the excellent combustion characteristics under lean burn conditions, hydrogen direct injection can promote combustion process and is beneficial for enhancing stable combustion and reducing the cycle-by-cycle variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1644180018000},"page":"1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["An Experimental Study on Combustion and Cycle-by-Cycle Variations of an N-Butanol Engine with Hydrogen Direct Injection under Lean Burn Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Renmin Street 5988, Changchun 130012, China"},{"name":"Electronic Information Engineering College, Changchun University, Renmin Street 6543, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Renmin Street 5988, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Renmin Street 5988, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Renmin Street 5988, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information Engineering College, Changchun University, Renmin Street 6543, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information Engineering College, Changchun University, Renmin Street 6543, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information Engineering College, Changchun University, Renmin Street 6543, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingfa","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wierzbicki, S., Duda, K., and Mikulski, M. 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