{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T17:02:24Z","timestamp":1783184544164,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016560","name":"Iqra University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015ME0-228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015ME0-228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015MA0-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015MA0-050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic License Plate Detection (ALPD) is an integral component of using computer vision approaches in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). An accurate detection of vehicles\u2019 license plates in images is a critical step that has a substantial impact on any ALPD system\u2019s recognition rate. In this paper, we develop an efficient license plate detecting technique through the intelligent combination of Faster R-CNN along with digital image processing techniques. The proposed algorithm initially detects vehicle(s) in the input image through Faster R-CNN. Later, the located vehicle is analyzed by a robust License Plate Localization Module (LPLM). The LPLM module primarily uses color segmentation and processes the HSV image to detect the license plate in the input image. Moreover, the LPLM module employs morphological filtering and dimension analysis to find the license plate. Detailed trials on challenging PKU datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms few recently developed methods by producing high license plates detection accuracy in much less execution time. The proposed work demonstrates a great feasibility for security and target detection applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1644266202000},"page":"1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Towards Automatic License Plate Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4121-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahid","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avionics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzair","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Hasan","family":"Adil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology, Iqra University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5615-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Saad Azhar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5251-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsin","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2018.5021","article-title":"Towards a fully automated car parking system","volume":"13","author":"Mahmood","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Intell. 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