{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:30:36Z","timestamp":1778272236709,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1G1A1007097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1G1A1007097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunghyang University","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increased demand for well-being has fueled interest in sleep. Research in technology for monitoring sleep ranges from sleep efficiency and sleep stage analysis to sleep disorder detection, centering on wearable devices such as fitness bands, and some techniques have been commercialized and are available to consumers. Recently, as interest in digital therapeutics has increased, the field of sleep engineering demands a technology that helps people obtain quality sleep that goes beyond the level of monitoring. In particular, interest in sleep aids for people with or without insomnia but who cannot fall asleep easily at night is increasing. In this review, we discuss experiments that have tested the sleep-inducing effects of various auditory stimuli currently used for sleep-inducing purposes. The auditory stimulations were divided into (1) colored noises such as white noise and pink noise, (2) autonomous sensory meridian response sounds such as natural sounds such as rain and firewood burning, sounds of whispers, or rubbing various objects with a brush, and (3) classical music or a preferred type of music. For now, the current clinical method of receiving drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy to induce sleep is expected to dominate. However, it is anticipated that devices or applications with proven ability to induce sleep clinically will begin to appear outside the hospital environment in everyday life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1644266202000},"page":"1264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["External Auditory Stimulation as a Non-Pharmacological Sleep Aid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heenam","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1347-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Jae","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Mechatronics Engineering, Soonchunhyung University, Asan 31538, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00188-3","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance and Psychiatric Disorders: A Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Young Adults","volume":"39","author":"Naomi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00023-2","article-title":"Quantitative criteria for insomnia","volume":"41","author":"Lichstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"52","article-title":"The role of melatonin and circadian phase in age-related sleep-maintenance insomnia: Assessment in a clinical trial of melatonin replacement","volume":"21","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.06.004","article-title":"An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone over 12 months in patients with chronic primary insomnia","volume":"6","author":"Roth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(89)90047-5","article-title":"An evaluation of tailored psychological treatment of insomnia","volume":"20","author":"Espie","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000092892","article-title":"Comparison of sleep condition and sleep-related psychological activity after cognitive-behavior and pharmacological therapy for chronic insomnia","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatry Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychaitry Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1150","article-title":"Nighttime insomnia symptoms and perceived health in the America Insomnia Survey (AIS)","volume":"34","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.10.023","article-title":"Prevalence and perceived health associated with insomnia based on DSM-IV-TR; International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; and Research Diagnostic Criteria\/International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition criteria: Results from the America Insomnia Survey","volume":"69","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Morin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn","volume":"6","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929","article-title":"Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00449-X","article-title":"Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in South Korea","volume":"53","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2009.5.1.20","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia in korean adults: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"5","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0218","article-title":"The Prevalence and Incidence of Insomnia in Korea during 2005 to 2013","volume":"17","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Song, W., Hu, X., Yan, S., Zhang, X., Wang, X., and Chen, W. (2021). Depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms between population in quarantine and general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03108-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113076","article-title":"Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Greek population","volume":"289","author":"Voitsidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00921-w","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, Distress and Insomnia and Related Factors in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey","volume":"45","author":"Aker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8524","article-title":"Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12926","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12926","article-title":"The wrist is not the brain: Estimation of sleep by clinical and consumer wearable actigraphy devices is impacted by multiple patient- and device-specific factors","volume":"29","author":"Danzig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.14.1856","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"285","author":"Edinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.11.991","article-title":"Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"281","author":"Morin","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-017-0065-4","article-title":"Digital cognitive behavioral therapy (dCBT) for insomnia: A state-of-the-science review","volume":"3","author":"Luik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyffert, M., Lagisetty, P., Landgraf, J., Chopra, V., Pfeiffer, P.N., Conte, M.L., and Rogers, M.A. (2016). Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy to treat insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149139"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4390-1","article-title":"Increasing access to and utilization of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I): A narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Koffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5654","article-title":"The Pros and Cons of Getting Engaged in an Online Social Community Embedded within Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: Survey among Users","volume":"18","author":"Coulson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200435","article-title":"NICU sound environment and the potential problems for caregivers","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260310","article-title":"Noise and gastric secretion","volume":"26","author":"Tomei","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197310112891504","article-title":"Hospital noise: Levels and potential health hazards","volume":"289","author":"Falk","year":"1973","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199508000-00010","article-title":"Female noise exposure, shift work and reproduction","volume":"37","author":"Nurminen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trahan, T., Durrant, S.J., M\u00fcllensiefen, D., and Williamson, V.J. (2018). The music that helps people sleep and the reasons they believe it works: A mixed methods analysis of online survey reports. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206531"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.06.016","article-title":"Use of integrative medicine approaches for treating adults with sleep disturbances","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.1.135","article-title":"White noise and sleep induction","volume":"65","author":"Spencer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"60","article-title":"Continuous White Noise to Reduce Sleep Latency and Night Wakings in College Students","volume":"9","author":"Forquer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Hypn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.03.031","article-title":"The effects of white noise on sleep and duration in individuals living in a high noise environment in New York City","volume":"83","author":"Ebben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7475\/kjan.2021.33.1.44","article-title":"The Effect of White Noise on Sleep in Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Adult Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00718","article-title":"Broadband Sound Administration Improves Sleep Onset Latency in Healthy Subjects in a Model of Transient Insomnia","volume":"8","author":"Messineo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00109","article-title":"Acoustic Enhancement of Sleep Slow Oscillations and Concomitant Memory Improvement in Older Adults","volume":"11","author":"Papalambros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"68","article-title":"Pink noise: Effect on complexity synchronization of brain activity and sleep consolidation","volume":"306","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Theor."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.31.35","article-title":"Sleep induction effects of steady 60 dB (A) pink noise","volume":"31","author":"Kawada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa056.1189","article-title":"Closed-Loop Electroencephalogram-Based Modulated Pink Noise to Facilitate Falling Asleep","volume":"43","author":"Kalyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poerio, G.L., Blakey, E., Hostler, T.J., and Veltri, T. (2018). More than a feeling: Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is characterized by reliable changes in affect and physiology. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196645"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1992.1.1.91","article-title":"The effects of ocean sounds on sleep after coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"1","author":"Williamson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"81","article-title":"Improvement of Sleep Quality by Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) Stimulation Among Medical Students","volume":"16","author":"Hardian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mal. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of white noise on high school students\u2019 sleep quality at Unit B of Rajawali Girls Dormitory Makassar","volume":"4","author":"Umbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00ednica Pr\u00e1ctica"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145816","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2945404","article-title":"Music for Sleep and Wake-Up: An Empirical Study","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S194938","article-title":"Music Therapy as a Potential Intervention for Sleep Improvement","volume":"12","author":"Loewy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/47.1.27","article-title":"The effects of music relaxation on sleep quality and emotional measures in people living with schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Bloch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/jmt\/40.1.15","article-title":"The Effects of Preferred Familiar Music on Falling Asleep","volume":"40","author":"Iwaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Music Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327655JCHN2001_03","article-title":"The use of music to promote sleep in older women","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Community Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03281.x","article-title":"Music improves sleep quality in older adults","volume":"49","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2013.11.003","article-title":"The effects of sedative music on sleep quality of older community-dwelling adults in Singapore","volume":"22","author":"Shum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2015.0304","article-title":"The Effects of Music Intervention on Sleep Quality in Community-Dwelling Elderly","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_575_19","article-title":"Effect of music of specific frequency upon the sleep architecture and electroencephalographic pattern of individuals with delayed sleep latency: A daytime nap study","volume":"8","author":"Dubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12817","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12817","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of bedtime music for insomnia disorder","volume":"28","author":"Jespersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00917.x","article-title":"Comparison of actigraphy with polysomnography and sleep logs in depressed insomniacs","volume":"21","author":"McCall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12021","article-title":"Evaluating sleep in bipolar disorder: Comparison between actigraphy, polysomnography, and sleep diary","volume":"14","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.10.011","article-title":"Similarities and differences in estimates of sleep duration by polysomnography, actigraphy, diary, and selfreported habitual sleep in a community sample","volume":"4","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599549","article-title":"Patient perception of involvement in medical care: Relationship to illness attitudes and outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Brody","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3122\/15572625-13-2-124","article-title":"Understanding the choices that patients make","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1998.tb01940.x","article-title":"Satisfaction as a determinant of compliance","volume":"26","author":"Albrecht","year":"1998","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(97)00225-X","article-title":"Assessment of satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain","volume":"14","author":"McCracken","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"579","article-title":"Issues in the measurement of satisfaction with treatment","volume":"3","author":"Weaver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105307088142","article-title":"Patient satisfaction and sustained outcomes of drug abuse treatment","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/002076409904500405","article-title":"Quality of life and new antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Are patients better off?","volume":"45","author":"Awad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"29","article-title":"Drugs and the quality of life: The patient\u2019s point of view","volume":"46","author":"Diamond","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1497","article-title":"Satisfaction and quality of life with premeal inhaled versus injected insulin in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Testa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-2-12","article-title":"Validation of a general measure of treatment satisfaction, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), using a national panel study of chronic disease","volume":"2","author":"Atkinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Real-life treatment profile of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate topical suspension in patients with psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"13","author":"Bagel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2016.1251891","article-title":"Early patient experiences with montelukast orally disintegrating tablets in Japan: A cross-sectional survey of treatment satisfaction in patients with asthma and\/or allergic rhinitis","volume":"33","author":"Whalley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.05.016","article-title":"How does music aid sleep? Literature review","volume":"63","author":"Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.12.004","article-title":"The influence of white noise on sleep in subjects exposed to ICU noise","volume":"6","author":"Stanchina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016605","article-title":"The effect of mood on sleep onset latency and REM sleep in interepisode bipolar disorder","volume":"118","author":"Talbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1551","article-title":"ViBreathe: Heart Rate Variability Enhanced Respiration Training for Workaday Stress Management via an Eyes-Free Tangible Interface","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.04.008","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of zolpidem-MR: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with primary insomnia","volume":"7","author":"Roth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03486.x","article-title":"Estazolam and Flurazepam: A Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Comparative Study in Outpatients with Insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Scharf","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00242-3","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sleep changes associated with placebo in hypnotic clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"McCall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.05.001","article-title":"Placebo effects in primary insomnia","volume":"9","author":"Perlis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elison, S., Ward, J., Williams, C., Espie, C., Davies, G., Dugdale, S., Ragan, K., Chisnall, L., Lidbetter, N., and Smith, K. (2017). Feasibility of a UK community-based, eTherapy mental health service in Greater Manchester: Repeated-measures and between-groups study of \u2018Living Life to the Full Interactive\u2019, \u2018Sleepio\u2019 and \u2018Breaking Free Online\u2019 at \u2018Self Help Services\u2019. BMJ Open, 7.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016392"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz150","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz150","article-title":"Depression prevention via digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2745","article-title":"Effect of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on health, psychological well-being, and sleep-related quality of life: A randomized clinical Trial","volume":"76","author":"Espie","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4491","article-title":"Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of insomnia symptoms among pregnant women: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Felder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3249","article-title":"Effect of a web-based cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia intervention with 1-year follow-up: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Ritterband","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2020.1852929","article-title":"Profile of somryst prescription digital therapeutic for chronic insomnia: Overview of safety and efficacy","volume":"17","author":"Morin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30135-7","article-title":"Effects of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on insomnia severity: A large-scale randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Vedaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.2.179","article-title":"Comparison of wearable activity tracker with actigraphy for sleep evaluation and circadian rest-activity rhythm measurement in healthy young adults","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"105010","article-title":"Novel heart rate variability index for wrist-worn wearable devices subject to motion artifacts that complicate measurement of the continuous pulse interval","volume":"40","author":"Baek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1264\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:15:36Z","timestamp":1760134536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/3\/1264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22031264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22031264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}