{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:59:11Z","timestamp":1783666751369,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00447\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to quantify and compare the upper limb angular kinematics and its contributions to the racket head speed between the cross-court (CC) and inside-out (IO) attacking tennis forehand of elite tennis players in a competitive environment. A new approach was used to study the forehand drive with mini-inertial sensors of motion capture to record the kinematic data. Six strokes in each direction per participant (72 shots in total) were chosen for analysis. Upper limb kinematics were calculated in the Visual 3D platform (Visual 3D Professional V5.01.21, C-motion, Germantown, MD, USA). The method used to calculate the upper limb\u2019s contributions was performed with MATLAB software and used the segment\u2019s (upper arm, forearm and hand) angular velocities and their respective displacement vectors obtained through the inertial sensors. Upper limb kinematics demonstrated a higher shoulder rotation in the IO direction with significant differences at the end of the backswing, which could be a key factor in distinguishing the two directions of the shot. Results also demonstrated that the horizontal flexion of the upper arm (around the shoulder joint) was primarily responsible for the racket velocity in the anteroposterior direction (48.1% CC and 45.2% IO), followed by the extension of the forearm (around the elbow joint) (17.3% CC and 20.9% IO) and the internal rotation of the upper arm (around the shoulder joint) (15.6% CC and 14.2% IO). No significant differences were shown in the contributions of upper limbs to the racket head velocity between the two directions of the shot. Tennis coaches and players should develop a specific training programme to perform higher angular velocities in these specific joint rotations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"1283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluation of Upper Limb Joint Contribution to Racket Head Speed in Elite Tennis Players Using IMU Sensors: Comparison between the Cross-Court and Inside-Out Attacking Forehand Drive"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Jo\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerusa P. R.","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Reference Center in Sports Sciences\u2014SESI, 05303-902 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Naturais e do Desporto, Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biomec\u00e2nica e Morfologia Funcional, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Mechanics and learning practices Associated with the Tennis forehand: A review","volume":"12","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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