{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:40:17Z","timestamp":1767832817987,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16RT0881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16RT0881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21USCOR004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21USCOR004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30HD103527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30HD103527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand how to improve interactions with dog-like robots, we evaluated the importance of \u201cdog-like\u201d framing and physical appearance on interaction, hypothesizing multiple interactive benefits of each. We assessed whether framing Aibo as a puppy (i.e., in need of development) versus simply a robot would result in more positive responses and interactions. We also predicted that adding fur to Aibo would make it appear more dog-like, likable, and interactive. Twenty-nine participants engaged with Aibo in a 2 \u00d7 2 (framing \u00d7 appearance) design by issuing commands to the robot. Aibo and participant behaviors were monitored per second, and evaluated via an analysis of commands issued, an analysis of command blocks (i.e., chains of commands), and using a T-pattern analysis of participant behavior. Participants were more likely to issue the \u201cCome Here\u201d command than other types of commands. When framed as a puppy, participants used Aibo\u2019s dog name more often, praised it more, and exhibited more unique, interactive, and complex behavior with Aibo. Participants exhibited the most smiling and laughing behaviors with Aibo framed as a puppy without fur. Across conditions, after interacting with Aibo, participants felt Aibo was more trustworthy, intelligent, warm, and connected than at their initial meeting. This study shows the benefits of introducing a socially robotic agent with a particular frame and importance on realism (i.e., introducing the robot dog as a puppy) for more interactive engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Designing Man\u2019s New Best Friend: Enhancing Human-Robot Dog Interaction through Dog-Like Framing and Appearance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ewart J.","family":"de Visser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yigit","family":"Topoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gratch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}]},{"given":"Chad C.","family":"Tossell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warfighter Effectiveness Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Drexel Solutions Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2007.11.007","article-title":"Animal-assisted therapy and loneliness in nursing homes: Use of robotic versus living dogs","volume":"9","author":"Banks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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