{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:51:11Z","timestamp":1760151071146,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11974304, 12074282, 51502186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974304, 12074282, 51502186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a multifunctional high-vacuum system was established to measure the electro-optical conversion efficiency of metamaterial-based thermal emitters with built-in heaters. The system is composed of an environmental control module, an electro-optical conversion measurement module, and a system control module. The system can provide air, argon, high vacuum, and other conventional testing environments, combined with humidity control. The test chamber and sample holder are carefully designed to minimize heat transfer through thermal conduction and convection. The optical power measurements are realized using the combination of a water-cooled KBr flange, an integrating sphere, and thermopile detectors. This structure is very stable and can detect light emission at the \u03bcW level. The system can synchronously detect the heating voltage, heating current, optical power, sample temperatures (both top and bottom), ambient pressure, humidity, and other environmental parameters. The comprehensive parameter detection capability enables the system to monitor subtle sample changes and perform failure mechanism analysis with the aid of offline material analysis using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the system can be used for fatigue and high-low temperature impact tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:26:48Z","timestamp":1644442008000},"page":"1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A High Precision and Multifunctional Electro-Optical Conversion Efficiency Measurement System for Metamaterial-Based Thermal Emitters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Heng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Optoelectronics Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Cardiff CF37 1DL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Jinlei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Zheyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"},{"name":"School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11809","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11809","article-title":"Controlling Thermal Emission with Refractory Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterials Via Topological Transitions","volume":"7","author":"Dyachenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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