{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:43:43Z","timestamp":1780695823359,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) experiences often elicit a negative effect, cybersickness, which results in nausea, disorientation, and visual discomfort. To quantitatively analyze the degree of cybersickness depending on various attributes of VR content (i.e., camera movement, field of view, path length, frame reference, and controllability), we generated cybersickness reference (CYRE) content with 52 VR scenes that represent different content attributes. A protocol for cybersickness evaluation was designed to collect subjective opinions from 154 participants as reliably as possible in conjunction with objective data such as rendered VR scenes and biological signals. By investigating the data obtained through the experiment, the statistically significant relationships\u2014the degree that the cybersickness varies with each isolated content factor\u2014are separately identified. We showed that the cybersickness severity was highly correlated with six biological features reflecting brain activities (i.e., relative power spectral densities of Fp1 delta, Fp 1 beta, Fp2 delta, Fp2 gamma, T4 delta, and T4 beta waves) with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9. Moreover, our experimental results show that individual characteristics (age and susceptibility) are also quantitatively associated with cybersickness level. Notably, the constructed dataset contains a number of labels (i.e., subjective cybersickness scores) that correspond to each VR scene. We used these labels to build cybersickness prediction models and obtain a reliable predictive performance. Hence, the proposed dataset is supposed to be widely applicable in general-purpose scenarios regarding cybersickness quantification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:26:48Z","timestamp":1644442008000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Cybersickness and Its Severity Arising from Virtual Reality Content: A Comprehensive Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0920-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heeseok","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied AI, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wookho","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SW&Content Research Lab., ETRI, Daejeon 34129, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00349.x","article-title":"Characteristic changes in the physiological components of cybersickness","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00038-6","article-title":"Measurement of postural stability before and after immersion in a virtual environment","volume":"30","author":"Cobb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Reason, J.T., and Brand, J.J. (1975). Motion Sickness, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sup392","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488209108197","article-title":"A heuristic mathematical model for dynamics of sensory conflict and motion sickness hearing in classical musicians","volume":"94","author":"Oman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"32","article-title":"Modeling motion sickness","volume":"22","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Aviat. Bioeng. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00115-4","article-title":"Motion sickness: Only one provocative conflict?","volume":"47","author":"Bles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.002","article-title":"A theory on visually induced motion sickness","volume":"29","author":"Bos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2018.01.002","article-title":"Effects of display type and motion control on cybersickness in a virtual bike simulator","volume":"51","author":"Mittelstaedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.005","article-title":"Virtual reality induced symptoms and effects (VRISE): Comparison of head mounted display (HMD), desktop and projection display systems","volume":"29","author":"Sharples","year":"2007","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2011.05.010","article-title":"The effects of display delay on simulator sickness","volume":"32","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawamura, S., and Kijima, R. (2016, January 19\u201323). Effect of head mounted display latency on human stability during quiescent standing on one foot. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Greenville, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2016.7504722"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Singla, A., Fremerey, S., Robitza, W., and Raake, A. (June, January 31). Measuring and comparing QoE and simulator sickness of omnidirectional videos in different head mounted displays. Proceedings of the 9th Int\u2019l Conference Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), Erfurt, Germany."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2518079","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of an ultra low latency frameless renderer for VR","volume":"22","author":"Friston","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Allison, R.S., Harris, L.R., Jenkin, M., Jasiobedzka, U., and Zacher, J.E. (2001, January 13\u201317). Tolerance of temporal delay in virtual environments. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.03.015","article-title":"Effects of unexpected visual motion on postural sway and motion sickness","volume":"71","author":"Dennison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.582204","article-title":"Latency and cybersickness: Impact, causes, and measures: A review","volume":"1","author":"Stauffert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hell, S., and Argyriou, V. (2018, January 10\u201312). Machine learning architectures to predict motion sickness using a virtual reality rollercoaster simulation tool. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR), Taichung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2196.2008","article-title":"Motion sickness: Effect of the magnitude of roll and pitch oscillation","volume":"79","author":"Joseph","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porcino, T.M., Clua, E.W., Vasconcelos, C.N., Trevisan, D., and Valente, L. (2017, January 2\u20134). Minimizing cyber sickness in head mounted display system: Design guidelines and applications. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 5th International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH), Perth, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SeGAH.2017.7939283"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, A.S., and Feiner, S.K. (2016, January 19\u201320). Combating VR sickness through subtle dynamic field-of-view modification. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), Greenville, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2016.7460053"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775898223","article-title":"Effects of navigation speed on motion sickness caused by an immersive virtual environment","volume":"43","author":"So","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00474-2","article-title":"Influence of navigation parameters on cybersickness in virtual reality","volume":"25","author":"Chardonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duh, H.B., Parker, D.E., and Furness, T.A. (April, January 31). An \u201cindependent visual backgrond\u201d reduced balance disturbance evoked by visual scene motion: Implication for alleviating simulator sickness. Proceedings of the CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365051"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lin, J.J., Rached, H.A., Kim, D.H., Parker, D.E., and Furness, T.A. (October, January 30). A \u201cnatural\u201d independent visual background reduced simulator sickness. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2793560","article-title":"Towards a machine learning approach for sickness prediction in 360\u2218 stereoscopic video","volume":"24","author":"Padmanaban","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2880509","article-title":"VRSA Net: VR sickness assessment considering exceptional motion for 360\u2218 VR video","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.G., Baddar, W.J., Lim, H.T., Jeong, H., and Ro, Y.M. (2017, January 8\u201310). Measurement of exceptional motion in VR video contents for VR sickness assessment using deep convolutional autoencoder. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139137"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2899186","article-title":"Motion sickness prediction in stereoscopic videos using 3D convolutional neural networks","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, S., and Soundararajan, R. (2019, January 10\u201318). Prediction of discomfort due to egomotion in immersive videos for virtual reality. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.000-7"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.08.049","article-title":"Influence of video content type on user\u2019s virtual reality sickness perception and physiologial response","volume":"91","author":"Guna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.T., Chien, Y.Y., Wang, H.H., Lin, F.C., and Huang, Y.P. (2018). The quantization of cybersickness level using EEG and ECG for virtual reality head-mounted display. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, SID.","DOI":"10.1002\/sdtp.12267"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, R., Lee, Y., Jaloli, M., Muhammad, I., Zhu, D., Rad, P., Huang, Y., and Quarles, J. (2020, January 9\u201313). Automatic detection and prediction of cybersickness severity using deep neural networks from user\u2019s physiological signals. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Galinhas, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR50242.2020.00066"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2275003","article-title":"EEG-based learning system for online motion sickness level estimation in a dynamic vehicle environment","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Whittinghill, D.M., Ziegler, B., Moore, J., and Case, T. (2015, January 2\u20136). Nasum virtualis: A simple technique for reducing simulator sickness in head mounted VR. Proceedings of the Game Developers Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, W., Ahn, S., Kim, J., and Lee, S. (June, January 29). Virtual reality sickness predictor: Analysis of visual-vestibular conflict and VR contents. Proceedings of the 10th Int\u2019l Conference Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.311","article-title":"Cybersickness: Perception of self-motion in virtual environments","volume":"1","author":"McCauley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565767","article-title":"Human factors issues in virtual environments: A review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Stanney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence Teleoper. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00472","article-title":"Vection and visually induced motion sickness: How are they related?","volume":"6","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"So, R.H.Y., and Lo, W.T. (1999, January 13\u201317). Cybersickness: An experimental study to isolate the effects of rotational scene oscillations. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terziman, L., Lecuyer, A., Hillaire, S., and Wiener, J.M. (2009, January 14\u201318). Can camera motions improve the perception of traveled distance in virtual environment?. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Lafayette, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2009.4811012"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3078.2011","article-title":"Axis rotation and visually induced motion sickness: The role of combined roll, pitch, and yaw motion","volume":"82","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00014","article-title":"Moving in a moving world: A review on vestibular motion sickness","volume":"7","author":"Bertolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00088-4","article-title":"Modeling motion sickness and subjective vertical mismatch detailed for vertical motions","volume":"47","author":"Bos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.11.007","article-title":"The effect of internal and external fields of view on visually induced motion sickness","volume":"41","author":"Bos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775992552","article-title":"Effects of image scale and system time delay on simulator sickness within head-coupled virtual environments","volume":"43","author":"Draper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"277","article-title":"The use of an independent visual background to reduce simulator side-effects","volume":"70","author":"Prothero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.L., and Uang, S.T. (2012, January 29\u201331). A study of sickness induced within an 3D virtual store and combated with fuzzy control in the elderly. Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Chongqing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2012.6234149"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00059-4","article-title":"Cybersickness in the presence of scene rotational movements along different axes","volume":"32","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ujiake, H., Yokoi, T., and Saida, S. (2004, January 1\u20135). Effects of virtual body motion on visually-induced motion sickness. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3036782","article-title":"VR sickness versus VR presence","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024097","article-title":"Control of a virtual vehicle influences postural activity and motion sickness","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.1029","article-title":"Demand characteristics in assessing motion sickness in a virtual environment: Or does taking a motion sickness questionnaire make you sick?","volume":"13","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02132","article-title":"Can simulator sickness be avoided? a review on temporal aspects of simulator sickness","volume":"9","author":"Duzmanska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vection and cybersickness generated by head-and-display motion in the Oculus Rift","volume":"48","author":"Palmisano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Jesse, L. (2021). Reducing Cybersickness in VR on an Omnidirectional Treadmill. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2018.02.003","article-title":"Depth gaze and ECG based frequency dynamics during motion sickness in stereoscopic 3D movie","volume":"26","author":"Wibirama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00091-4","article-title":"Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire revised and its relationship to other forms of sickness","volume":"37","author":"Golding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.01.012","article-title":"Predicting individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility by questionnaire","volume":"41","author":"Golding","year":"2006","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1726108","article-title":"Cybersickness ini virtual reality head-mounted displays: Examining the influence of sex differences and vehicle control","volume":"36","author":"Curry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","article-title":"Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): Motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"ITU-T P.800 (1996). Methods for Subjective Determination of Transmission Quality, International Telecommunication Union."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.03.049","article-title":"Electroencephalogram activity induced by magnetic stimulation on heart meridian","volume":"495","author":"Jo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, C.A., Chia, W.C., and Chin, S.W. (2014, January 27\u201328). A mobile driver safety system: Analysis of single-channel EEG on drowsiness detection. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Computational Science and Technology, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCST.2014.7045175"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1991). American Electroencephalographic Society, Guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 8, 200\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199104000-00007"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4846-7","article-title":"The virtual reality head-mounted display Oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects","volume":"235","author":"Munafo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4243.2015","article-title":"Sex differences in the incidence of motion sickness induced by linear visual oscillation","volume":"86","author":"Koslucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aviat. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Arns, L.L., and Cerney, M.M. (2005, January 12\u201316). The relationship between age and incidence of cybersickness among immersive environment users. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004","article-title":"Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis","volume":"34","author":"Delorme","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10741","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1478-11.2011","article-title":"Prior expectation modulates the interaction between sensory and prefrontal regions in the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Rahnev","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90125-5","article-title":"Topographic brain measures of human pain and pain responsivity","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Smith, E.E., and Kosslyn, S.M. (2008). Cognitie Psychology: Mind and Brain, Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(91)90025-S","article-title":"Attention tasks and EEG power spectra","volume":"11","author":"Valentino","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, R., Lee, Y., Jaloli, M., Muhammad, I., Zhu, D., and Quarles, J. (2020, January 22\u201326). Automatic detection of cybersickness from physiological signal in a virtual roller coaster simulation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00175"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Lee, S., Kim, H.G., Park, M., and Ro, Y.M. (2019, January 22\u201325). Deep objective assessment model based on spatio-temporal perception of 360-degree video for VR sickness prediction. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803257"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601750216803","article-title":"A metric to quantify virtual scene movement for the study of cybersickness: Definition, implementation, and verification","volume":"10","author":"So","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Farneb\u00e4ck, G. (July, January 29). Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion. Proceedings of the Scandinavia Conference on Image Analysis, Halmstad, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2015374","article-title":"Visual importance pooling for image quality assessment","volume":"3","author":"Moorthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2851670","article-title":"Deep visual discomfort predictor for stereoscopic 3D images","volume":"27","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2725584","article-title":"Blind deep S3D image quality evaluation via local to global feature aggregation","volume":"26","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Izadi, C.M., and Kokaram, A. (2016, January 15\u201319). A perceptual quality metric for video distorted by spatially correlated noise. Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2506340","article-title":"Stereoscopic 3D visual discomfort prediction: A dynamic accommodation and vergence interaction model","volume":"25","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2020). IEEE Standard for Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Based Virtual Reality (VR) Sickness Reduction Technology (Standard No. IEEE Standard 3079)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1314\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:55Z","timestamp":1760134615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22041314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]}}}