{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T22:20:30Z","timestamp":1784413230652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic facial expression recognition is essential for many potential applications. Thus, having a clear overview on existing datasets that have been investigated within the framework of face expression recognition is of paramount importance in designing and evaluating effective solutions, notably for neural networks-based training. In this survey, we provide a review of more than eighty facial expression datasets, while taking into account both macro- and micro-expressions. The proposed study is mostly focused on spontaneous and in-the-wild datasets, given the common trend in the research is that of considering contexts where expressions are shown in a spontaneous way and in a real context. We have also provided instances of potential applications of the investigated datasets, while putting into evidence their pros and cons. The proposed survey can help researchers to have a better understanding of the characteristics of the existing datasets, thus facilitating the choice of the data that best suits the particular context of their application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Macro- and Micro-Expressions Facial Datasets: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3746-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajer","family":"Guerdelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team on Intelligent Systems in Imaging and Artificial Vision (SIIVA), LR16ES06 Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Traitement de\u2019Information et dea Connaissance (LIMTIC), Institut Sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019Informatique d\u2019El Manar, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"},{"name":"Media Integration and Communication Center, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4339-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Barhoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team on Intelligent Systems in Imaging and Artificial Vision (SIIVA), LR16ES06 Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Traitement de\u2019Information et dea Connaissance (LIMTIC), Institut Sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019Informatique d\u2019El Manar, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Carthage, Universit\u00e9 de Carthage, Carthage 1054, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6521-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haythem","family":"Ghazouani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team on Intelligent Systems in Imaging and Artificial Vision (SIIVA), LR16ES06 Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Mod\u00e9lisation et Traitement de\u2019Information et dea Connaissance (LIMTIC), Institut Sup\u00e9rieur d\u2019Informatique d\u2019El Manar, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia"},{"name":"Ecole Nationale d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Carthage, Universit\u00e9 de Carthage, Carthage 1054, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Berretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media Integration and Communication Center, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096736.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Myers, D. (2004). Theories of Emotion. Psychology, Worth Publishers. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.06.005","article-title":"How does facial feedback modulate emotional experience?","volume":"43","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00507-5","article-title":"Why faces don\u2019t always tell the truth about feelings","volume":"578","author":"Heaven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619832930","article-title":"Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements","volume":"20","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazouani, H. (2021). A genetic programming-based feature selection and fusion for facial expression recognition. Appl. Soft Comput., 103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107173"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhall, A., Goecke, R., Lucey, S., and Gedeon, T. (2011, January 6\u201313). Static facial expression analysis in tough conditions: Data, evaluation protocol and benchmark. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130508"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","article-title":"An argument for basic emotions","volume":"6","author":"Ekman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Shivendra, S., Shajulin, B., Thampi Sabu, M., Hegde Rajesh, M., Sri, K., Jayanta, M., Vipin, C., Oge, M., Selwyn, P., and Corchado Juan, M. (2020). Indian Semi-Acted Facial Expression (iSAFE) Dataset for Human Emotions Recognition. Advances in Signal Processing and Intelligent Recognition Systems. Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2012.26","article-title":"Collectingarge, richly annotated facial-expression databases from movies","volume":"3","author":"Dhall","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.005","article-title":"Challenges in representationearning: A report on three machineearning contests","volume":"64","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.02.002","article-title":"Hi4D-ADSIP 3-d dynamic facial articulation database","volume":"30","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-1986-2","article-title":"BAUM-2: A multilingual audio-visual affective face database","volume":"74","author":"Erdem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2014.06.002","article-title":"BP4D-spontaneous: A high-resolution spontaneous 3d dynamic facial expression database","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mollahosseini, A., Hasani, B., Salvador, M.J., Abdollahi, H., Chan, D., and Mahoor, M.H. (July, January 26). Facial expression recognition from world wild web. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2553038","article-title":"Baum-1: A spontaneous audio-visual face database of affective and mental states","volume":"8","author":"Zhalehpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benitez-Quiroz, C.F., Srinivasan, R., and Martinez, A.M. (2016, January 27\u201330). Emotionet: An accurate, real-time algorithm for the automatic annotation of a million facial expressions in the wild. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR16), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.600"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","article-title":"A circumplex model of affect","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210903130764","article-title":"Comparison of dimensional models of emotion: Evidence from emotions, prototypical events, autobiographical memories, and words","volume":"17","author":"Rubin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-019-00995-6","article-title":"A survey on analysis of human faces and facial expressions datasets","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Naga, P., Marri, S.D., and Borreo, R. Facial emotion recognition methods, datasets and technologies: Aliterature survey. Mater. Today Proc., 2021. in press."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"46","article-title":"Universal facial expressions of emotion","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Segerstrale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, P. (1992). Are There Basic Emotions?, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.99.3.550"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2020.2977225","article-title":"Crossing Domains for AU Coding: Perspectives, Approaches, and Measures","volume":"2","author":"Ertugrul","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Girard, J.M., Wu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, P., Ciftci, U., Canavan, S., Reale, M., Horowitz, A., and Yang, H. (2016, January 27\u201330). Multimodal spontaneous emotion corpus for human behavior analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.374"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2996086","article-title":"Tri-modal Recurrent Attention Networks for Emotion Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingstone, S.R., and Russo, F.A. (2018). The Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS): A dynamic, multimodal set of facial and vocal expressions in North American English. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196391"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Girard, J.M., Chu, W., Jeni, L.A., and Cohn, J.F. (June, January 30). Sayette group formation task (GFT) spontaneous facial expression database. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automated Face and Gesture Recognition, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2944808","article-title":"Sewa db: A rich database for audio-visual emotion and sentiment research in the wild","volume":"43","author":"Kossaifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (TPAMI)"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Walter, S., Ma, X., Werner, P., Al-Hamadi, A., Traue, H.C., and Gruss, S. (2016, January 6\u20139). BioVid Emo DB: A Multimodal Database for Emotion Analyses validated by Subjective Ratings. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2016.7849931"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2498174","article-title":"The Indian Spontaneous Expression Database for Emotion Recognition","volume":"8","author":"Happy","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Vandeventer, J., Aubrey, A.J., Rosin, P.L., and Marshall, D. (2015, January 11\u201313). 4D Cardiff Conversation Database (4D CCDb): A 4D database of natural, dyadic conversations. Proceedings of the 1st Joint Conference on Facial Analysis, Animation and Auditory-Visual Speech Processing (FAAVSP 2015), Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.03.005","article-title":"The mahnob mimicry database: A database of naturalistic human interactions","volume":"66","author":"Bilakhia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"977","article-title":"OPEN-EmoRec-II-A Multimodal Corpus of Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"9","author":"Rukavina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Electr. Autom. Control Inf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Valstar, M., Schuller, B., Smith, K., Almaev, T., Eyben, F., Krajewski, J., Cowie, R., and Pantic, M. (2014, January 7). AVEC 2014\u2014The Three Dimensional Affect and Depression Challenge. Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Audio\/Visual Emotion Challenge, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.4","article-title":"DISFA: A spontaneous facial action intensity database","volume":"4","author":"Mavadati","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ringeval, F., Sonderegger, A., Sauer, J., and Lalanne, D. (2013, January 22\u201326). Introducing the RECOLA multimodal corpus of remote collaborative and affective interactions. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553805"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar, M., Schuller, B., Smith, K., Eyben, F., Jiang, B., Bilakhia, S., Schnieder, S., Cowie, R., and Pantic, M. (2013, January 21). AVEC 2013-The Continuous Audio\/Visual Emotion and Depression Recognition Challenge. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Audio\/Visual Emotion Challenge, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2512530.2512533"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubrey, A.J., Marshall, D., Rosin, P.L., Vendeventer, J., Cunningham, D.W., and Wallraven, C. (2013, January 21\u201323). Cardiff conversation database (ccdb): A database of natural dyadic conversations. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.48"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"61","article-title":"DynEmo: A video database of natural facial expressions of emotions","volume":"5","author":"Tcherkassof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Multimed. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.15","article-title":"Deap: A database for emotion analysis; using physiological signals","volume":"3","author":"Koelstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.20","article-title":"The SEMAINE database: Annotated multimodal records of emotionally colored conversations between a person and aimited agent","volume":"3","author":"McKeown","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.25","article-title":"A Multimodal Database for Affect Recognition and Implicit Tagging","volume":"3","author":"Soleymani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P.E., and Matthews, I. (2011, January 21\u201325). Painful data: The UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain expression archive database. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771462"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"205","article-title":"3D corpus of spontaneous complex mental states","volume":"Volume 6974","author":"Graesser","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACII 2011. LNCS"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2010.2052239","article-title":"A 3-d audio-visual corpus of affective communication","volume":"12","author":"Fanelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., and Matthews, I. (2010, January 13\u201318). The extended cohn-kanade dataset (ck+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-Workshops, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"101","article-title":"Multi-modal emotional database: AvID","volume":"33","author":"Gajsek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.02.013","article-title":"Being bored? Recognising natural interest by extensive audiovisual integration for real-life application","volume":"27","author":"Schueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohn, J., Kruez, T., Matthews, I., Yang, Y., Nguyen, M., Padilla, M., Zhou, F., and De la Torre, F. (2009, January 10\u201312). Detecting depression from facial actions and vocal prosody. Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2009.5349358"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Douglas-Cowie, E., Cowie, R., Cox, C., Amier, N., and Heylen, D. (2008, January 13). The sensitive artificialistener: An induction technique for generating emotionally coloured conversation. Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, Kingston, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Douglas-Cowie, E., Cowie, R., Sneddon, I., Cox, C., Lowry, O., McRorie, M., Martin, J.-C., Devillers, L., Abrilian, S., and Batliner, A. (2007, January 12\u201314). The HUMAINE Database: Addressing the Collection and Annotation of Naturalistic and Induced Emotional Data. Proceedings of the Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Second International Conference, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Zara, A., Maffiolo, V., Martin, J.C., and Devillers, L. (2007, January 12\u201314). Collection and Annotation of a Corpus of HumanHuman Multimodal Interactions: Emotion and Others Anthropomorphic Characteristics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Savran, A., Ciftci, K., Chanel, G., Mota, J., Hong Viet, L., Sankur, B., and Rombaut, M. (August, January 17). Emotion detection in theoop from brain signals and facial images. Proceedings of the eNTERFACE 2006 Workshop, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.90","article-title":"A video database of moving faces and people","volume":"27","author":"Harms","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4304\/jmm.1.6.22-35","article-title":"Automatic recognition of facial actions in spontaneous expressions","volume":"1","author":"Bartlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2005.848368","article-title":"Detecting Stress during Real-World Driving Tasks Using Physiological Sensors","volume":"6","author":"Healey","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sebe, N., Lew, M.S., Cohen, I., Sun, Y., Gevers, T., and Huang, T.S. (2004, January 19). Authentic facial expression analysis. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.5.776","article-title":"The emotional integration of childhood experience: Physiological, facial expressive, and self-reported emotional response during the adult attachment interview","volume":"40","author":"Roisman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, K.L., and Cohn, J.F. (2001, January 22\u201325). Dynamics of facial expression: Normative characteristics and individual differences. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2001, ICME 2001, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2001.1237778"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Kotsia, I., Pantic, M., and Zafeiriou, S. (2018, January 18\u201323). 4DFAB: A Large Scale 4D Facial Expression Database for Biometric Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00537"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.08.014","article-title":"The MAHNOB Laughter database","volume":"31","author":"Petridis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2020, May 29). Psychological Image Collection at Stirling (PICS) 2013. Available online: http:\/\/pics.stir.ac.uk."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2010.2060716","article-title":"A Natural Visible and Infrared Facial Expression Database for Expression Recognition and Emotion Inference","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Valstar, M., and Pantic, M. (2010, January 5). Induced disgust, happiness and surprise: An addition to the MMI facial expression database. Proceedings of the Int\u2019l Conf. Language Resources and Evaluation, Workshop on EMOTION, Valletta, Malta."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Pantic, M., Valstar, M., Rademaker, R., and Maat, L. (2005, January 6). Web-based database for facial expression analysi. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Amsterdam, Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Urbain, J., Bevacqua, E., Dutoit, T., Moinet, A., Niewiadomski, R., Pelachaud, C., Picart, B., Tilmanne, J., and Wagner, J. (2010, January 17\u201323). The AVLaughterCycle database. Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2010, Valletta, Malta."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-008-9076-6","article-title":"Iemocap: Interactive emotional dyadic motion capture database","volume":"42","author":"Busso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lang. Resour. Eval."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carletta, J., Ashby, S., Bourban, S., Flynn, M., Guillemot, M., Hain, T., Kadlec, J., Karaiskos, V., Kraaij, W., and Kronenthal, M. (2006). The AMI meeting corpus: A pre-announcement. Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11677482_3"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2868382","article-title":"Reliable Crowdsourcing and Deep Locality-Preserving Learning for Unconstrained Facial Expression Recognition","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Kollias, D., and Zafeiriou, S. (2018). Aff-Wild2: Extending the Aff-Wild Database for Affect Recognition. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2801311","article-title":"AM-FED+: An Extended Dataset of Naturalistic Facial Expressions Collected in Everyday Settings","volume":"10","author":"McDuff","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2740923","article-title":"AffectNet: A Database for Facial Expression, Valence, and Arousal Computing in the Wild","volume":"10","author":"Mollahosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2017.02.001","article-title":"AFEW-VA database for valence and arousal estimation in-the-wild","volume":"65","author":"Kossaifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Zafeiriou, S., Papaioannou, A., Kotsia, I., Nicolaou, M.A., and Zhao, G. (July, January 26). Facial affect \u201cin-the-wild\u201d: A survey and a new database. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, Affect \u201cin-the-Wild\u201d Workshop, Las Vegas, NA, USA."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E., and Vangala, S. (2016, January 2\u20136). Vinereactor: Crowdsourced spontaneous facial expression data. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2911996.2912038"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-016-0406-z","article-title":"Cheavd: A chinese natural emotional audio\u2013visual database","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2397456","article-title":"Automatic group happiness intensity analysis","volume":"6","author":"Dhall","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDuff, D., Kaliouby, R.E., Senechal, T., Amr, M., Cohn, J., and Picard, R. (2013, January 23\u201328). Affectiva MIT Facial Expression Dataset (AM-FED): Naturalistic and Spontaneous Facial Expressions Collected \u201cIn the Wild\u201d. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.130"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.26","article-title":"The belfast induced natural emotion database","volume":"3","author":"Sneddon","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimm, M., Kroschel, K., and Narayanan, S. (April, January 23). The vera am mittag german audio-visual emotional speech database. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Hannover, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2008.4607572"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Campbell, N. (2008, January 28\u201330). Tools and resources for visualising conversational-speech interaction. Proceedings of the 6th International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201908), Marrakech, Morocco."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"407","article-title":"Emotv1: Annotation of real-life emotions for the specification of multimodal affective interfaces","volume":"401","author":"Abrilian","year":"2005","journal-title":"HCI Int."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Husak, P., Cech, J., and Matas, J. (2017, January 6\u20138). Spotting facial micro-expressions \u201cin the wild\u201d. Proceedings of the 22nd Computer Vision Winter Workshop, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Group (PRIP) and PRIP Club, Hotel Althof Retz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1454","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322355111","article-title":"Compound facial expressions of emotion","volume":"111","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Yan, W.-J., Wu, Q., Liu, Y.-J., Wang, S.-J., and Fu, X. (2013, January 22\u201326). Casme database: A dataset of spontaneous micro-expressions collected from neutralized faces. Proceedings of the 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.2.179","article-title":"Cultural variations in emotions: A review","volume":"112","author":"Mesquita","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Izard, C.E. (1971). The Face of Emotion, Appleton-CenturyCrofts."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-015-9528-4","article-title":"Empathy, emotion dysregulation, and enhanced microexpression recognition ability","volume":"40","author":"Svetieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9410-9","article-title":"Background factors predicting accuracy and improvement in micro expression recognition","volume":"38","author":"Hurley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polikovsky, S., Kameda, Y., and Ohta, Y. (2009, January 3). Facial micro-expressions recognition using high speed camera and 3D-gradient descriptor. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Imaging for Crime Detection and Prevention (ICDP), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2009.0244"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2573832","article-title":"Samm: A spontaneous micro-facial movement dataset","volume":"9","author":"Davison","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Merghani, W., Davison, A.K., and Yap, M.H. (2018). A Review on Facial Micro-Expressions Analysis: Datasets, Features and Metrics. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radlak, K., Bozek, M., and Smolka, B. (2015, January 13). Silesian deception database: Presentation and analysis. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2823465.2823469"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, W.-J., Li, X., Wang, S.-J., Zhao, G., Liu, Y.-J., Chen, Y.-H., and Fu, X. (2014). Casme ii: An improved spontaneous micro-expression database and the baseline evaluation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086041"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Pfister, T., Huang, X., Zhao, G., and Pietikainen, M. (2013, January 22\u201326). A spontaneous micro-expression database: Inducement, collection and baseline. Proceedings of the 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553717"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister, T., Li, X., Zhao, G., and Pietik\u00e4inen, M. (2011, January 6\u201313). Recognising spontaneous facial micro-expressions. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126401"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinciarelli, A., Dielmann, A., Favre, S., and Salamin, H. (2009). Canal9: A database of political debates for analysis of social interactions. Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops, ACII.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2009.5349466"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-008-0057-7","article-title":"Detecting deception from emotional and unemotional cues","volume":"33","author":"Warren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2021012","article-title":"Facial emotion mimicry in older adults with and without cognitive impairments due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Gerlowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302280","article-title":"Disturbance of spontaneous and posed facial expressions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Simons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.002","article-title":"Computerized measurement of facial expression of emotions in schizophrenia","volume":"163","author":"Alvino","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.05.001","article-title":"A pilot study to identify autism related traits in spontaneous facial actions using computer vision","volume":"65","author":"Samad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:20:49Z","timestamp":1760134849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22041524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}