{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1770973308779,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the ever-increasing popularity of wearable devices, data on the time and location of popular walking, running, and bicycling routes is expansive and growing rapidly. These data are currently used primarily for route discovery and mobile context awareness, as it provides precise and updated information about urban dynamics. We leverage these data to build ad hoc transportation flows, and we present a novel model that creates delivery networks from these zero-emission transportation flows. We evaluate the model using data from two popular datasets, and our results indicate that such networks are indeed possible, and can help reduce traffic, emissions, and delivery times. Moreover, we demonstrate how our results can be consistently reproduced in different cities with different subsets of carriers. We then extend our work into predicting routes of vehicles, hence possible delivery flows, based on the traces history. We conclude this paper by laying the groundwork for a future real-world study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645129601000},"page":"1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enabling Green Crowdsourced Social Delivery Networks in Urban Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9993-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bedogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Levorato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2158-1592.2009.tb00104.x","article-title":"The Last Mile Challenge: Evaluating the Effects of Customer Density and Delivery Window Patterns","volume":"30","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.06.1126","article-title":"Innovative Logistics Model and Containers Solution for Efficient Last Mile Delivery","volume":"48","author":"Hadjidimitriou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranieri, L., Digiesi, S., Silvestri, B., and Roccotelli, M. (2018). A Review of Last Mile Logistics Innovations in an Externalities Cost Reduction Vision. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030782"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.06.002","article-title":"Towards enhancing the last-mile delivery: An effective crowd-tasking model with scalable solutions","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2014.907397","article-title":"Carbon emissions comparison of last mile delivery versus customer pickup","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.03.001","article-title":"An investigation of customers\u2019 intention to use self-collection services for last-mile delivery","volume":"66","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-020-00607-8","article-title":"Last-mile delivery concepts: A survey from an operational research perspective","volume":"43","author":"Boysen","year":"2021","journal-title":"OR Spectr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1108\/09600030110399423","article-title":"Solving the last mile issue: Reception box or delivery box?","volume":"31","author":"Punakivi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-019-0368-2","article-title":"Last mile delivery by drones: An estimation of viable market potential and access to citizens across European cities","volume":"11","author":"Aurambout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.12.016","article-title":"Acceptance of autonomous delivery vehicles for last-mile delivery in Germany\u2014Extending UTAUT2 with risk perceptions","volume":"111","author":"Kapser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.09.013","article-title":"Integrating first-mile pickup and last-mile delivery on shared vehicle routes for efficient urban e-commerce distribution","volume":"131","author":"Bergmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Conway, A., Fatisson, P.E., Eickemeyer, P., Cheng, J., and Peters, D. (2012, January 22\u201326). Urban micro-consolidation and last mile goods delivery by freight-tricycle in Manhattan: Opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of the Conference Proceedings, Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.12173","article-title":"Crowdsourcing Last Mile Delivery: Strategic Implications and Future Research Directions","volume":"39","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., and Pan, S. (2016). Using the Crowd of Taxis to Last Mile Delivery in E-Commerce: A methodological research. Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi-Agent Manufacturing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30337-6_6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.21804","article-title":"Aggregating Courier Deliveries","volume":"65","author":"Steele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nav. Res. Logist. (NRL)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binetti, M., Caggiani, L., Camporeale, R., and Ottomanelli, M. (2019). A sustainable crowdsourced delivery system to foster free-floating bike-sharing. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102772"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giret, A., Carrascosa, C., Julian, V., Rebollo, M., and Botti, V. (2018). A crowdsourcing approach for sustainable last mile delivery. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124563"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.06.011","article-title":"Crowdsourcing the last mile delivery of online orders by exploiting the social networks of retail store customers","volume":"105","author":"Devari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.03.117","article-title":"An agent-based simulation framework for the study of urban delivery","volume":"423","author":"Palanca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2021.101063","article-title":"Crowdshipping in Last Mile Deliveries: Operational Challenges and Research Opportunities","volume":"78","author":"Pourrahmani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K., Bedogni, L., and Levorato, M. (2020, January 7\u201311). Towards Green Crowdsourced Social Delivery Networks: A Feasibility Study. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2020\u20142020 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM42002.2020.9322274"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedogni, L., Fiore, M., and Glacet, C. (2018, January 16\u201319). Temporal Reachability in Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2018\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2018.8486393"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Daulton, S. (2019, June 29). NYC Taxi Data Prediction. Available online: https:\/\/sdaulton.github.io\/TaxiPrediction\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:23Z","timestamp":1760134883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/4\/1541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s22041541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22041541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}}}