{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:29:30Z","timestamp":1768688970936,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2410-H-845-032-MY3, MOST 109-2811-H-845-500, and MOST 110-2221-E-007-126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2410-H-845-032-MY3, MOST 109-2811-H-845-500, and MOST 110-2221-E-007-126"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005057","name":"National Tsing Hua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTHU 110Q2703E1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTHU 110Q2703E1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education in Taiwan","award":["Higher Education Sprout Project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Higher Education Sprout Project"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work we propose a novel method for impact position estimation during baseball batting, which is independent of impact intensity, i.e., force-irrelevant. In our experiments, we mount a piezoelectric vibration sensor on the knob of a wooden bat to record: (1) 3600 vibration signals (waveforms) from ball\u2013bat impacts in the static experiment\u201430 impacts from each of 40 positions (distributed 1\u201340 cm from the end of the barrel) and 3 intensities (drop heights at 75, 100, and 125 cm, resp.), and (2) 45 vibration signals from actual battings by three baseball players in the dynamic experiment. The results show that the peak amplitude of the signal in the time domain, and the peaks of the first, second, and third eigenfrequencies (EFs) of the bat all increase with the impact intensity. However, the ratios of peaks at these three EFs (1st\/2nd, 2nd\/3rd, and 1st\/3rd) hardly change with the impact intensity, and the observation is consistent for both the static and dynamic experiments across all impact positions. In conclusion, we have observed that the ratios of peaks at the first three EFs are a force-irrelevant feature, which can be used to estimate the impact position in baseball batting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645129601000},"page":"1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact Position Estimation for Baseball Batting with a Force-Irrelevant Vibration Feature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yang-Chih","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Sport Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chia","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Baseball Research and Development Center, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hsi-Pin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Sport Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Sport Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"National Baseball Research and Development Center, Taipei 111036, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Sport Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198904000-00014","article-title":"Effects of bat composition, grip firmness, and impact location on postimpact ball velocity","volume":"21","author":"Weyrich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. 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