{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:19:07Z","timestamp":1778239147486,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We mapped landslide susceptibility in Kamyaran city of Kurdistan Province, Iran, using a robust deep-learning (DP) model based on a combination of extreme learning machine (ELM), deep belief network (DBN), back propagation (BP), and genetic algorithm (GA). A total of 118 landslide locations were recorded and divided in the training and testing datasets. We selected 25 conditioning factors, and of these, we specified the most important ones by an information gain ratio (IGR) technique. We assessed the performance of the DP model using statistical measures including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, F1-measure, and area under-the-receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Three benchmark algorithms, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), REPTree, and NBTree, were used to check the applicability of the proposed model. The results by IGR concluded that of the 25 conditioning factors, only 16 factors were important for our modeling procedure, and of these, distance to road, road density, lithology and land use were the four most significant factors. Results based on the testing dataset revealed that the DP model had the highest accuracy (0.926) of the compared algorithms, followed by NBTree (0.917), REPTree (0.903), and SVM (0.894). The landslide susceptibility maps prepared from the DP model with AUC = 0.870 performed the best. We consider the DP model a suitable tool for landslide susceptibility mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645129601000},"page":"1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A Robust Deep-Learning Model for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: A Case Study of Kurdistan Province, Iran"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Ghasemian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-6947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Himan","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9668-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ataollah","family":"Shirzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 6617715175, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadhir","family":"Al-Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3441-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 1496813111, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria R.","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marten","family":"Geertsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Geomorphologist, Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, 499 George Street, Prince George, BC V2L 1R5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Renoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Mining Laboratory, Department of Engineering, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR02388","article-title":"Stochastic forcing of sediment supply to channel networks from landsliding and debris flow","volume":"33","author":"Benda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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