{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T01:39:22Z","timestamp":1768959562319,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Excellent Young Scientist Program of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LR19D050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR19D050001"]}]},{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Innovation Program","award":["MOI2020ZD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOI2020ZD02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents polarization property studies of water clouds using a circular polarization lidar through a simulation approach. The simulation approach is based on a polarized, semianalytic Monte Carlo method under multiple-scattering conditions and considers three types of water clouds (namely homogeneous, inhomogeneous and partially inhomogeneous). The simulation results indicate that the layer-integrated circular depolarization ratios show similar variation trends as those of layer-integrated linear depolarization ratios. The Mishchenko\u2013Hovenier relationship is validated to correlate the simulated layer-integrated circular and linear depolarization ratios. In addition, the cloud droplet effective radius, extinction coefficient, lidar field-of-view (FOV) and height of the cloud bottom are all found to affect the layer-integrated depolarization ratio. The current work theoretically indicates that a circular polarization lidar can efficiently perform measurements of water clouds, enjoying the advantage of higher sensitivity compared to a traditional linear polarization lidar. Hence, it should be of interest to researchers in fields of polarization lidar applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:48:41Z","timestamp":1645476521000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Water Cloud Detection with Circular Polarization Lidar: A Semianalytic Monte Carlo Simulation Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wiqas","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1986.13457","article-title":"Polarization diversity in radars","volume":"74","author":"Giuli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. 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