{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:26:07Z","timestamp":1779920767092,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province","award":["GXXT-2021-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXXT-2021-027"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the open project of the state key laboratory of complex electromagnetic environment effects on electronics and information system","award":["CEMEE2022Z0201B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEMEE2022Z0201B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports on a sensor based on multi-element complementary split-ring resonator for the measurement of liquid materials. The resonator consists of three split rings for improved measurement sensitivity. A hole is fabricated at the centre of the rings to accommodate a hollow glass tube, through which the liquid sample can be injected. Electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that both the resonant frequency and quality factor of the sensor vary considerably with the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the liquid sample. The volume ratio between the liquid sample and glass tube is 0.36, yielding great sensitivity in the measured results for high loss liquids. Compared to the design based on rectangular split rings, the proposed ring structure offers 37% larger frequency shifts and 9.1% greater resonant dips. The relationship between dielectric constant, loss tangent, measured quality factor and resonant frequency is derived. Experimental verification is conducted using ethanol solution with different concentrations. The measurement accuracy is calculated to be within 2.8%, and this validates the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T21:11:07Z","timestamp":1645737067000},"page":"1764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A Sensor for Characterisation of Liquid Materials with High Permittivity and High Dielectric Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8353-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronic and Information System, Luoyang 471004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0298-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobang","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/LEMCPA.2020.3014391","article-title":"Dielectric and Underfill Characterization Using Cavity Resonators for Millimeter-Wave Applications","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Lett. 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