{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:54:14Z","timestamp":1760151254553,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Plan of Shandong Province for Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["2021CXGC011205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CXGC011205"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018532","name":"Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019JZZY010115,2019JZZY010120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY010115,2019JZZY010120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["NSERC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSERC"]}]},{"name":"Technology SMEs Innovation Capability Improvement Project of Shandong Province","award":["2021TSGC1053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021TSGC1053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless information collecting and processing terminals, such as cell phones, sensors and smart wearable devices, are expected to be deployed on a large scale in the future to promote the continuous advancement of the global information revolution. Since most of these terminals connect to each other using long-distance and high-speed networks by multiple routers and eventual access the internet, the application of mobile internet is gradually increasing and data traffic on the mobile internet is growing exponentially, from which arises congestion in wireless networks on multiple routers. This research solves the congestion problem for wireless networks with multiple bottleneck routers. First, the wireless network model is expanded to multi-router networks, which considers the interrelationships between connecting routers. Afterwards, a new Active Queue Management (AQM) method called Congestion Control Based on Adaptive Integral Backstepping (CCAIB) is designed to handle congestion in wireless networks. In CCAIB, an adaptive control method is used to estimate the packet loss ratios of wireless links and a controller is designed based on the estimation results through a backstepping procedure. It can be shown from the simulation results that the performance of CCAIB is better than the H\u221e algorithm in queue length stability. Besides, the window size of CCAIB is 100 times that of the H\u221e algorithm, and the proportion of packets marked as discarded when using CCAIB is about 0.1% of the H\u221e algorithm. Moreover, CCAIB has satisfactory adaptability to network parameters such as wireless link capacity, propagation delay, wireless packet loss ratios, desired queue length and router location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CCAIB: Congestion Control Based on Adaptive Integral Backstepping for Wireless Multi-Router Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Buildings Technology, School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Lujuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Buildings Technology, School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1109\/49.464716","article-title":"Tcp vegas: End to end congestion avoidance on a global internet","volume":"13","author":"Brakmo","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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