{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:27:15Z","timestamp":1774024035859,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51679022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51679022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018617","name":"LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XLYC2002074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC2002074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian","award":["2019J12GX023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019J12GX023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metallic contaminants (solid) are generated by friction pair, causing wear of equipment by enters the lubricating system. This poses a great potential threat to the normal operation of such machines. The timely analysis and detection of debris can lead to the avoidance of mechanical failures. Abnormal wear in machinery may produce debris exceeding 10 \u03bcm. The traditional inductance detection method has low sensitivity and cannot meet the actual detection requirements. To boost the sensitivity of the inductance sensor, the mutual inductance of coils and the strong magnetic conductivity of permalloy was utilized to design a high sensitivity inductance sensor for the detection of debris in lubricating oil. This design was able to detect 10\u201315 \u03bcm iron particles and 65\u201370 \u03bcm copper particles in the oil. The experimental results illustrate that low-frequency excitation is the best for detecting ferromagnetic particles, while high-frequency excitation has the best effect for detecting non-ferromagnetic particles. This paper demonstrates the significant advantages of coil mutual inductance, and strong magnetic conductivity of permalloy in improving the detection sensitivity of oil debris sensors. This will provide technical support for wear detection in mechanical equipment and fault diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Research on High Sensitivity Oil Debris Detection Sensor Using High Magnetic Permeability Material and Coil Mutual Inductance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenzhao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Hongpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1157-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lebile","family":"Ilerioluwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering, Daliann Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(03)00117-0","article-title":"An energy description of wear mechanisms and its applications to oscillating sliding contacts","volume":"255","author":"Fouvry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2018.07.025","article-title":"Inductive debris sensor using one energizing coil with multiple sensing coils for sensitivity improvement and high throughput","volume":"128","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. 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