{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:53:56Z","timestamp":1780318436492,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent engineering and neuroscience applications have led to the development of brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) systems that improve the quality of life of people with motor disabilities. In the same area, a significant number of studies have been conducted in identifying or classifying upper-limb movement intentions. On the contrary, few works have been concerned with movement intention identification for lower limbs. Notwithstanding, lower-limb neurorehabilitation is a major topic in medical settings, as some people suffer from mobility problems in their lower limbs, such as those diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, and people with hemiplegia or quadriplegia. Particularly, the conventional pattern recognition (PR) systems are one of the most suitable computational tools for electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis as the explicit knowledge of the features involved in the PR process itself is crucial for both improving signal classification performance and providing more interpretability. In this regard, there is a real need for outline and comparative studies gathering benchmark and state-of-art PR techniques that allow for a deeper understanding thereof and a proper selection of a specific technique. This study conducted a topical overview of specialized papers covering lower-limb motor task identification through PR-based BCI\/EEG signal analysis systems. To do so, we first established search terms and inclusion and exclusion criteria to find the most relevant papers on the subject. As a result, we identified the 22 most relevant papers. Next, we reviewed their experimental methodologies for recording EEG signals during the execution of lower limb tasks. In addition, we review the algorithms used in the preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification stages. Finally, we compared all the algorithms and determined which of them are the most suitable in terms of accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22052028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Identification of Lower-Limb Motor Tasks via Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces: A Topical Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Asanza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Electricidad y Computaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Electricidad y Computaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6283-3679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis","family":"Loayza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Bioengineering Laboratory (LNB), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Mec\u00e1nica y Ciencias de la Producci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo km 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro L.","family":"Lorente-Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Posgrado, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Estatal del Carchi, Tulc\u00e1n 040101, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego H.","family":"Peluffo-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de Nari\u00f1o, Pasto 520001, Colombia"},{"name":"Modeling, Simulation and Data Analysis (MSDA) Research Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453","article-title":"Lower extremity exoskeletons and active orthoses: Challenges and state-of-the-art","volume":"24","author":"Dollar","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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