{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T17:29:55Z","timestamp":1774718995523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient management through monitoring of Li-ion batteries is critical to the progress of electro-mobility and energy storage globally, since the technology can be hazardous if pushed beyond its safety boundaries. Battery management systems (BMSs) are being actively improved to reduce size, weight, and cost while increasing their capabilities. Using power line communication, wireless monitoring, or hybrid data links are one of the most advanced research directions today. In this work, we propose the use of radio frequency (RF) transceivers as a communication unit that can deliver both wired and wireless services, through their superior analog and digital signal processing capability compared to PLC technology. To validate our approach computational simulation and empirical evaluation was conducted to examine the possibility of using RF transceivers on a direct current (DC) bus for wired BMS. A key advantage of this study is that it proposes a flexible and tested system for communication across a variety of network scenarios, where wireless data links over disrupted connections may be enabled by using this technology in short-range wired modes. This investigation demonstrates that the IEEE 802.15.4-compliant transceivers with operating frequencies of 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz can establish stable data links on a DC bus via capacitive coupling at high data rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22052043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["DC Power Line Communication (PLC) on 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz Wired RF Transceivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vlad","family":"Marsic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Low-Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tazdin","family":"Amietszajew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Low-Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Igic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Low-Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6989-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soroush","family":"Faramehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Low-Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8710-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Low-Carbon Propulsion Systems, Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, R., and Shen, W. (2019). Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119481652"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Sui, X., Stroe, D.-I., and Teodorescu, R. (2019, January 14\u201317). A review of management architectures and balancing strategies in smart batteries. Proceedings of the IECON 2019-45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2019.8926687"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2018.04.001","article-title":"Development and evaluation of in-situ instrumentation for cylindrical Li-ion cells using fibre optic sensors","volume":"3","author":"Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3016080","article-title":"V Lithium-Ion battery state-of-charge estimator based on FBG-based strain sensor and employing machine learning","volume":"21","author":"Rente","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.201900109","article-title":"Hybrid thermo-electrochemical In Situ instrumentation for lithium-ion energy storage","volume":"2","author":"Amietszajew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Batter. Supercaps"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Yung, W.K.C., and Pecht, M. (2019). Ultrasonic health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8070751"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surya, S., Rao, V., and Williamson, S.S. (2021). Comprehensive Review on Smart Techniques for Estimation of State of Health for Battery Management System Application. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154617"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2019.01.026","article-title":"The design and impact of in-situ and operando thermal sensing for smart energy storage","volume":"22","author":"Fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2021.3079114","article-title":"Thermal Runaway Prognosis of Battery Systems Using the Modified Multi-Scale Entropy in Real-World Electric Vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Jichao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sebastian, S., Lukasiewycz, M., Narayanaswamy, S., Kauer, M., and Chakraborty, S. (2014, January 25\u201326). Smart cells for embedded battery management. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, Networks, and Applications, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/en10101503","article-title":"Design and implementation of a smart lithium-ion battery system with real-time fault diagnosis capability for electric vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Zuchang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.3390\/en14071851","article-title":"Power Line Communications for Automotive High Voltage Battery Systems: Channel Modeling and Coexistence Study with Battery Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.treng.2021.100098","article-title":"Development of an in-vehicle power line communication network with in-situ instrumented smart cells","volume":"6","author":"Timothy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshkouei, M.J., Kampert, E., Moore, A.D., and Higgins, M.D. (2021). Evaluation of an in situ QAM-based Power Line Communication system for lithium-ion batteries. IET Electr. Syst. Transp.","DOI":"10.1049\/els2.12033"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gozdur, R., Przerywacz, T., and Bogda\u0144ski, D. (2021). Low Power Modular Battery Management System with a Wireless Communication Interface. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14196320"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.3390\/en12203862","article-title":"Smart battery pack for electric vehicles based on active balancing with wireless communication feedback","volume":"12","author":"Mattia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20198701021","article-title":"Development of wireless charging system along with power line communication used in Electric Vehicles","volume":"87","author":"Alapati","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.01.076","article-title":"Understanding the limits of rapid charging using instrumented commercial 18650 high-energy Li-ion cells","volume":"263","author":"Amietszajew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10639","DOI":"10.3390\/su131910639","article-title":"Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-020-00757-7","article-title":"Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102940","article-title":"Review of electric vehicle energy storage and management system: Standards, issues, and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Kamrul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19362","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2817655","article-title":"State-of-the-art and energy management system of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications: Issues and recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Mahammad","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.873933","article-title":"A low-power high-performance SiGe BiCMOS 802.11 a\/b\/g transceiver IC for cellular and Bluetooth co-existence applications","volume":"41","author":"Charlon","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2007.893586","article-title":"A low power fully CMOS integrated RF transceiver IC for wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Seo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"YAMAR Electronics Ltd. (2022, January 24). SIG60-UART over Power Line for AC\/DC Multiplex Network (DS-SIG60 R107). Available online: https:\/\/www.yamar.com\/datasheet\/DS-SIG60.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Monnier, O. (2021, June 06). TI Delivers Flexible Power Line Communications Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.digikey.co.za\/htmldatasheets\/production\/841010\/0\/0\/1\/PCL-Solutions.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa:20070435","article-title":"Ethernet-based broadband power line communication between motor and inverter","volume":"2","author":"Kosonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandl, M., and Kellner, K. (2021). Performance evaluation of power-line communication systems for lin-bus based data transmission. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10010085"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodi, G.A., Ott, A., Cheema, S.A., Haardt, M., and Freitag, T. (2016, January 20\u201323). Power Line Communication in automotive harness on the example of Local Interconnect Network. Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Bottrop, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPLC.2016.7476263"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2517129","article-title":"Power line communication management of battery energy storage in a small-scale autonomous photovoltaic system","volume":"8","author":"Jousse","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thale, S., and Agarwal, V. (2012, January 3\u20138). Controller Area Network (CAN) based smart protection scheme for Solar PV, fuel cell, Ultra-Capacitor and wind energy system based microgrid. Proceedings of the 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2012.6317680"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.07.076","article-title":"Powerline communication (PLC) on HVDC bus in a renewable energy system","volume":"36","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308972","article-title":"PLC-based PV plants smart monitoring system: Field measurements and uncertainty estimation","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artale, G., Cataliotti, A., Cosentino, V., Guaiana, S., Di Cara, D., Panzavecchia, N., Tin\u00e8, G., and Fiorelli, R. (2014, January 3\u20136). Narrowband power line communications for medium voltage Smart Grids. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2014.7007691"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohn, G., Stuntebeck, E., Pandey, J., Otis, B., Abowd, G.D., and Patel, S.N. (2010, January 26\u201329). SNUPI: Sensor nodes utilizing powerline infrastructure. Proceedings of the 12th ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1145\/1864349.1864377"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-021-00766-1","article-title":"Contact-less PLC: Channel analysis and measurements campaign","volume":"77","author":"Igboamalu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Q.W., and Kumar, R. (2011, January 25\u201328). 2.4 GHz propagation characteristics of power line cable. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications (ISWTA), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWTA.2011.6089395"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2280490","article-title":"Measurement and characterization of load impedances in home power line grids","volume":"63","author":"Antoniali","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2003.1193972","article-title":"Power line communications: State of the art and future trends","volume":"41","author":"Pavlidou","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.06.005","article-title":"Power line communication technologies for smart grid applications: A review of advances and challenges","volume":"70","author":"Yigit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmat, R., Pagani, P., Zeddam, A., and Chonavel, T. (2010, January 28\u201331). MIMO communications for inhome PLC networks: Measurements and results up to 100 MHz. Proceedings of the ISPLC2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPLC.2010.5479897"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Versolatto, F., and Tonello, A.M. (2012, January 3\u20137). PLC channel characterization up to 300 MHz: Frequency response and line impedance. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2012.6503661"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(1998). Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM);General ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC)for Radio Communications Equipment (Standard No. EN 300 339 V1.1.1 (1998-03))."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments CC1200 Low-Power, High-Performance RF Transceiver. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/cc1200.pdf?ts=1642355028391&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments CC2520 Datasheet. 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4\/ZIGBEE\u00ae RF Transceiver. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ds\/symlink\/cc2520.pdf?ts=1642368628149&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments SMARTRF06EBK: SmartRF06 Evaluation Board. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/tool\/SMARTRF06EBK."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments CC1200: Low Power and High Performance Wireless Transceiver. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC1200."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments CC2520: Second Generation 2.4 GHz ZigBee\/IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Transceiver. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/CC2520."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1109\/11.392834","article-title":"Nonobvious correlation properties of quadrature GMSK, a modulation technique adopted worldwide","volume":"41","author":"Borowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2009.2016832","article-title":"Least squares\/maximum likelihood methods for the decision-aided GFSK receiver","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, K.S. (2022). Hardware Realization of GFSK-Based Bluetooth Modem. Bluetooth 5.0 Modem Design for IoT Devices, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88626-4"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"230","article-title":"A simple signal shaper for GMSK\/GFSK and MSK modulator based on sigma-delta look-up table","volume":"18","author":"Herceg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabassam, A.A., Ali, F.A., Kalsait, S., and Suleman, M.U. (April, January 30). Building software-defined radios in MATLAB simulink-A step towards cognitive radios. Proceedings of the 2011 UkSim 13th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UKSIM.2011.100"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhlanga, K., Mafumo, M., Sotenga, P., Phate, T., and Olwal, T. (2015, January 17\u201320). Design and simulation of a bluetooth communication system. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC), Windhoek, Namibia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETNCC.2015.7184800"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadinov, S.M., and Angelov, K.K. (2021, January 15\u201317). Design of Transmission Channel Simulator for Communication with Artificial Pico-and Nanosatellites. Proceedings of the 2021 XXX International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), Sozopol, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ET52713.2021.9579592"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Santana G\u00f3mez, D. (2021, June 02). Digital GFSK modem study, design and implementation applied to mobile communications. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.tec.mx\/bitstream\/handle\/11285\/567139\/DocsTec_3381.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Rohde & Schwarz R&S\u00aeRTM3000 Oscilloscope. Available online: https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/uk\/products\/test-and-measurement\/oscilloscopes\/rs-rtm3000-oscilloscope_63493-427459.html."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2021, October 10). Texas Instruments SmartRF Studio 7 Documentation. Available online: http:\/\/software-dl.ti.com\/lprf\/smartrftm_studio\/docs\/help\/html\/srfstudio.html."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, J., Luo, G., Ricco, M., Swierczynski, M., Stroe, D.-I., and Teodorescu, R. (2018). Overview of lithium-ion battery modeling methods for state-of-charge estimation in electrical vehicles. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8050659"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., and Cao, Z. (2019). A review of impedance matching techniques in power line communications. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8091022"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2007.900030","article-title":"\u201cDeglorifying\u201d the maximum power transfer theorem and factors in impedance selection","volume":"50","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2016.2561438","article-title":"No noise is good noise: Noise matching, noise canceling, and maybe a bit of both for wide-band LNAs","volume":"17","author":"Belostotski","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117346","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928391","article-title":"The role of power line communications in the smart grid revisited: Applications, challenges, and research initiatives","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.09.019","article-title":"Power-line communications for smart grid: Progress, challenges, opportunities and status","volume":"67","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2005.844349","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of noise effects on broadband power-line communications","volume":"20","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2214065","article-title":"Dealing with unknown impedance and impulsive noise in the power-line communications channel","volume":"28","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2016.12.001","article-title":"Investigating and modeling the transmission channel of a prismatic lithium-ion cell and module for powerline communication","volume":"10","author":"Bolsinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landinger, T.F., Schwarzberger, G., Rose, M., Dollhaeubl, S., Hofer, G., Talei, A.P., and Jossen, A. (2020, January 11\u201313). Power Line Communications in Automotive Traction Batteries: A Proof of Concept. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications (ISPLC), Malaga, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPLC48789.2020.9115412"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talie, A.P., Pribyl, W.A., and Hofer, G. (2018, January 2\u20135). Electric vehicle battery management system using power line communication technique. Proceedings of the 2018 14th Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/PRIME.2018.8430304"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, J., Eriksson, J., Tsiftes, N., Dawson-Haggerty, S., Vasseur, J.-P., Durvy, M., Terzis, A., Dunkels, A., and Culler, D. (2011, January 1\u20134). Industry: Beyond interoperability: Pushing the performance of sensor network ip stacks. Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2070942.2070944"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judkoff, R., Polly, J., Bianchi, M., Neymark, J., and Kennedy, M. (2011). Building Energy Simulation Test for Existing Homes (BESTEST-EX): Instructions for Implementing the Test Procedure, Calibration Test Reference Results, and Example Acceptance-Range Criteria, National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL).","DOI":"10.2172\/1025059"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Schubert, J., and H\u00f6rling, P. Preference-based Monte Carlo weight assignment for multiple-criteria decision making in defense planning. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/2043\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:41Z","timestamp":1760135561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/2043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s22052043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22052043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]}}}