{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:55:04Z","timestamp":1760151304499,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (Spain)","award":["RTC-2017-6303-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC-2017-6303-7"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n (Spain)","award":["PID2019-103904RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-103904RB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017SGR-1159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SGR-1159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003741","name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["awarded Ferran Mart\u00edn"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["awarded Ferran Mart\u00edn"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERDF funds","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents, for the first time, an absolute linear electromagnetic encoder consisting of a rubber belt with two chains of screen-printed metallic inclusions (rectangular patches). The position, velocity, and direction of the belt (the moving part) is determined by detecting the inclusions when they cross the stator (the static part). The stator is a microstrip line loaded with three complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), resonant elements exhibiting a resonance frequency perturbed by the presence of inclusions on top of them (contactless). The line is fed by three harmonic signals tuned to the resonance frequencies of the CSRRs. Such signals are generated by a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) managed by a microcontroller. The sensed data are retrieved from the pulses contained in the envelope functions of the respective amplitude modulated (AM) signals (caused by the belt motion) generated at the output port of the line. One of the signals provides the absolute belt position, determined by one of the chains, the encoded one. The information relative to the velocity and motion direction is contained in the other AM signals generated by the motion of the other chain, periodic, and thereby, uncoded. The spatial resolution of the system, a figure of merit, is 4 mm. Special emphasis is devoted to the printing process of the belt inclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22052044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"2044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Electromagnetic Encoders Screen-Printed on Rubber Belts for Absolute Measurement of Position and Velocity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Herrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, Parc Cient\u00edfic i de la Innovaci\u00f3 TecnoCampus, 08302 Matar\u00f3, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Berenguel Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, Parc Cient\u00edfic i de la Innovaci\u00f3 TecnoCampus, 08302 Matar\u00f3, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohner Automation, P.I. Cal Batlle, 17400 Breda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pep","family":"Bruguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohner Automation, P.I. Cal Batlle, 17400 Breda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Delgado Simao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Catalunya, Parc Cient\u00edfic i de la Innovaci\u00f3 TecnoCampus, 08302 Matar\u00f3, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d\u2019Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1109\/19.39049","article-title":"Reconsidering natural binary encoding for absolute position measurement application","volume":"38","author":"Petriu","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ueda, T., Kohsaka, F., Iino, T., Kazami, K., and Nakayama, H. (1987, January 17). Optical absolute encoder using spatial filter. Proceedings of the SPIE Photomechanics and Speckle Metrology, San Diego, CA, USA.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1117\/12.941698"},{"unstructured":"Eitel, E. (Machine Design Magazine, 2014). Basics of Rotary Encoders: Overview and New Technologies, Machine Design Magazine.","key":"ref_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2693981","article-title":"Application of split ring resonator (SRR) loaded transmission lines to the design of angular displacement and velocity sensors for space applications","volume":"65","author":"Herrojo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7055","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2853643","article-title":"Detecting the rotation direction in contactless angular velocity sensors implemented with rotors loaded with multiple chains of split ring resonators (SRRs)","volume":"18","author":"Herrojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2895015","article-title":"High-density microwave encoders for motion control and near-field chipless-RFID","volume":"19","author":"Herrojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2929128","article-title":"Double-stub loaded microstrip line reader for very high data density microwave encoders","volume":"67","author":"Herrojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes, F., Herrojo, C., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2020, January 21\u201326). Microwave Encoders with Synchronous Reading and Direction Detection for Motion Control Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (IMS\u201920), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.1109\/IMS30576.2020.9224044"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrojo, C., Paredes, F., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2020). 3D-printed all-dielectric electromagnetic encoders with synchronous reading for measuring displacements and velocities. Sensors, 20.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174837"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3025435","article-title":"Synchronism and Direction Detection in High-Resolution\/High-Density Electromagnetic Encoders","volume":"21","author":"Herrojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503852","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/503852","article-title":"A Method for Measurement of Absolute Angular Position and Application in a Novel Electromagnetic Encoder System","volume":"2015","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2013.01.040","article-title":"A novel absolute angular position sensor based on electromagnetism","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11790","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911790","article-title":"Alignment and position sensors based on split ring resonators","volume":"12","author":"Naqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2231065","article-title":"Displacement sensor based on diamond-shaped tapered split ring resonator","volume":"13","author":"Fumeaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.0572","article-title":"Two-dimensional displacement and alignment sensor based on reflection coefficients of open microstrip lines loaded with split ring resonators","volume":"50","author":"Horestani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electron Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2264804","article-title":"Rotation sensor based on horn-shaped split ring resonator","volume":"13","author":"Horestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17838","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3085191","article-title":"Wireless Monitoring of Displacement Using Spiral Resonators","volume":"21","author":"Elgeziry","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"unstructured":"Mandel, C., Kubina, B., Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, M., and Jakoby, R. (2011, January 10\u201313). Passive chipless wireless sensor for two-dimensional displacement measurement. Proceedings of the European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK.","key":"ref_18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paredes, F., Herrojo, C., Mata-Contreras, J., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2018). Near-field chipless-RFID sensing and identification system with switching reading. Sensors, 18.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041148"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"231","article-title":"Position Measurement with Hall Effect Sensors","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-018-0046-9","article-title":"Highly compliant planar Hall effect sensor with sub 200 nT sensitivity","volume":"3","author":"Granell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2006.886603","article-title":"SVM PMSM Drive with Low Resolution Hall-Effect Sensors","volume":"22","author":"Lidozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2014.2304616","article-title":"Fault-Tolerant Rotor Position and Velocity Estimation Using Binary Hall-Effect Sensors for Low-Cost Vector Control Drives","volume":"50","author":"Scelba","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2015.2479404","article-title":"Dual-Axial Motion Control of a Magnetic Levitation System Using Hall-Effect Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2885020","article-title":"High-Precision Speed and Position Estimation Based on Hall Vector Frequency Tracking for PMSM With Bipolar Hall-Effect Sensors","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"unstructured":"(2022, January 17). Rotary and Linear Motion Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/www.rls.si\/eng\/hilin.","key":"ref_26"},{"unstructured":"de Bruijn, N.G. (1975). Acknowledgement of Priority to C. Flye Sainte-Marie on the Counting of Circular Arrangements of 2n Zeros and Ones That Show Each n-Letter Word Exactly Once, Technological University Eindhoven. EUT Report 75-WSK-06.","key":"ref_27"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/2044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:45Z","timestamp":1760135565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/2044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s22052044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22052044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]]}}}