{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:54:14Z","timestamp":1760151254979,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent theoretical studies demonstrate the advantages of using decentralized architectures over traditional centralized architectures for real-time Power Distribution Systems (PDSs) operation. These advantages include the reduction of the amount of data to be transmitted and processed when performing state estimation in PDSs. The main contribution of this paper is to provide lab validation of the advantages and feasibility of decentralized monitoring of PDSs. Therefore, this paper presents an advanced trial emulating realistic conditions and hardware setup. More specifically, the paper proposes: (i) The laboratory development and implementation of an Advanced Measurement Infrastructure (AMI) prototype to enable the simulation of a smart grid. To emulate the information traffic between smart meters and distribution operation centers, communication modules, that enable the use of wireless networks for sending messages in real-time, are used, bridging concepts from both IoT and Edge Computing. (ii) The laboratory development and implementation of a decentralized architecture based on Embedded State Estimator Modules (ESEMs) are carried out. ESEMs manage information from smart meters at lower voltage networks, performing real-time state estimation in PDSs. Simulations performed on a real PDS with 208 buses (considering both medium and low voltage buses) have met the aims of this paper. The results show that by using ESEMs in a decentralized architecture, both the data transit through the communication network, as well as the computational requirements involved in monitoring PDSs in real-time, are reduced considerably without any loss of accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"2104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validation of Embedded State Estimator Modules for Decentralized Monitoring of Power Distribution Systems Using IoT Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rosvando Marques Gonzaga","family":"Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"M\u00e1rquez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n. Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Air Institute, IoT Digital Innovation Hub (Spain), 37188 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Herrera","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n. Edificio Multiusos I+D+i, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Maximiano Antunes","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems Engineering and Information Technologies, Federal University of Itajub\u00e1, Itajub\u00e1 37500-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Bosco Augusto","family":"London Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel Corchado","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BISITE Research Group, Computer and Automation Department, University of Salamanca, Calle Espejo s\/n. 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