{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:20:38Z","timestamp":1768807238808,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Government of Andalusia","award":["AGORA P18-RT-3275, PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18; RNM-148, RNM-282, RNM-370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGORA P18-RT-3275, PAPEL B-RNM-301-UGR18; RNM-148, RNM-282, RNM-370"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operativo FEDER-Andalucia 2014\u20132020; University of Ja\u00e9n","award":["POAIUJA 21\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POAIUJA 21\/22"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU PhD grant (16\/04038)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU PhD grant (16\/04038)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gibraltar Arc includes the Betic and Rif Cordilleras surrounding the Alboran Sea; it is formed at the northwest\u2013southeast Eurasia\u2013Nubia convergent plate boundary in the westernmost Mediterranean. Since 2006, the Campo de Dalias GNSS network has monitored active tectonic deformation of the most seismically active area on the north coast of the Alboran Sea. Our results show that the residual deformation rates with respect to Eurasia range from 1.7 to 3.0 mm\/year; roughly homogenous west-southwestward displacements of the northern sites occur, while the southern sites evidence irregular displacements towards the west and northwest. This deformation pattern supports simultaneous east-northeast\u2013west-southwest extension, accommodated by normal and oblique faults, and north-northwest\u2013south-southeast shortening that develops east-northeast\u2013west-southwest folds. Moreover, the GNSS results point to dextral creep of the main northwest\u2013southeast Balanegra Fault. These GNNS results thus reveal, for the first time, present-day interaction of the roll-back tectonics of the Rif\u2013Gibraltar\u2013Betic slab in the western part of the Gibraltar Arc with the indentation tectonics affecting the eastern and southern areas, providing new insights for improving tectonic models of arcuate orogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T02:10:35Z","timestamp":1646878235000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Campo de Dalias GNSS Network Unveils the Interaction between Roll-Back and Indentation Tectonics in the Gibraltar Arc"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Galindo-Zaldivar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ing. Cartogr\u00e1fica, Geod\u00e9sica y Fotogrametr\u00eda, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energ\u00eda y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Tendero-Salmer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Borque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ing. Cartogr\u00e1fica, Geod\u00e9sica y Fotogrametr\u00eda, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energ\u00eda y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Ercilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, CSIC, Continental Margins Group, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estad\u00edstica e Investigaci\u00f3n Operativa, Universidad de C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0654-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ing. Cartogr\u00e1fica, Geod\u00e9sica y Fotogrametr\u00eda, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energ\u00eda y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5536-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, CSIC, Continental Margins Group, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Avil\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Ing. 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