{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:05:30Z","timestamp":1778616330291,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current era of smart homes and smart grids, complex technical systems that allow for the automation of domestic functions are rapidly growing and becoming more widely available. A wide range of technologies and software applications are now available for use in smart homes, and many of them are free to use. They allow for communication between home appliances and their users, as well as the automation, monitoring, and remote-control capabilities of home appliances themselves. Unfortunately, a lot of previous research ignored security issues involving the great attention to detail of the data in a transmission session within the devices in smart home architectures, which is why this study proposed smart grid secured transmission flags suitable for preventing every bit of data transmission in a smart home. Secure Message Queueing Transport Protocol (MQTT) in Internet of Things (IoT) Smart Homes protocols was utilized; an experimental testbed was designed with a prototype involving the process of a smart home system and the sequences of the data transmission. The evaluation of the proposed strategies has shown an improved bi-directional secure resource constraint strategy for the smart home within data packet transmission at 70 to 80 mbps over secure MQTT. A number of concerns, including technological barriers, difficulties, challenges, and future trends, as well as the role of users, have been presented in this study, among others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T20:19:10Z","timestamp":1646943550000},"page":"2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Improved MQTT Secure Transmission Flags in Smart Homes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa","family":"Munshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard, J., El Maaroufi, M.L., Dufour, M.-P., Bouchard, B., and Gaboury, S. (2017). Challenges in Developing Smart Homes: Human Perspective. Smart Technologies in Healthcare, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315145686-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3479526","article-title":"Digital Privacy Perceptions of Asylum Seekers in Germany: An Empirical Study about Smartphone Usage during the Flight","volume":"5","author":"Steinbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejgam, R., and Gannavaram, V.T.K. (2021, January 4\u20136). Integrating Machine to Machine Communication (M2M) and MQTT Protocol Techniques for Conversion of Water Motor Pump into a Smart System. Proceedings of the 2021 Second International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC51422.2021.9532848"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.09.031","article-title":"Real time performance analysis of secure IoT protocols for microgrid communication","volume":"116","author":"Kondoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102207","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of MQTT 5.0 susceptibility to network covert channels","volume":"104","author":"Mileva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"13975","article-title":"A scheme to enhance the security of MQTT protocol","volume":"119","author":"Jayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Math"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09750-4","article-title":"MQTT protocol employing IOT based home safety system with ABE encryption","volume":"80","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, G., Vecchio, M., Pecori, R., and Giaffreda, R. (2017, January 24\u201326). The Day After Mirai: A Survey on MQTT Security Solutions After the Largest Cyber-attack Carried Out through an Army of IoT Devices. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Internet of Things, Big Data and Security\u2014IoTBDS, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006287302460253"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8261746","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8261746","article-title":"Mqtt security: A novel fuzzing approach","volume":"2018","author":"Villalba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harsha, M.S., Bhavani, B.M., and Kundhavai, K. (2018, January 19\u201322). Analysis of vulnerabilities in MQTT security using Shodan API and implementation of its countermeasures via authentication and ACLs. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2018.8554472"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaccari, I., Giovanni, C., Maurizio, A., Maurizio, M., and Enrico, C. (2020). MQTTset, a new dataset for machine learning techniques on MQTT. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226578"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S., Kobara, K., Chuang, C.C., and Huang, W. (2016, January 17\u201319). A security framework for MQTT. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2016.7860532"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11007","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04915-7","article-title":"Evaluation of MAC Protocols for Vital Sign Monitoring within Smart Home Environment","volume":"45","author":"Gawanmeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2682108","article-title":"The Dynamics of Data Packet in Transmission Session","volume":"5","author":"Abubakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-05102-4","article-title":"A Trust-Based Access Control Mechanism for Intra-Sensor Network Communication in Internet of Things","volume":"46","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhawiyuga, A., Data, M., and Warda, A. (2017, January 26\u201327). Architectural design of token based authentication of MQTT protocol in constrained IoT device. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems Services and Applications (TSSA), Lombok, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSA.2017.8272933"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504767","article-title":"A Secured Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Elliptic Curves Cryptography","volume":"11","author":"Yeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, A., Roy, S., Kaiser, M.S., and Islam, S. (2018, January 18\u201320). A Lightweight Multi-tier S-MQTT Framework to Secure Communication between low-end IoT Nodes. Proceedings of the 2018 5th International Conference on Networking, Systems and Security (NSysS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSysS.2018.8631379"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2021.3053543","article-title":"Lightedge: A lightweight authentication protocol for IoT devices in an edge-cloud environment","volume":"11","author":"Shahidinejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"156","article-title":"Secure mutual authentication and automated access control for IoT smart home using cumulative keyed-hash chain","volume":"45","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andy, S., Rahardjo, B., and Hanindhito, B. (2017, January 19\u201321). Attack scenarios and security analysis of mqtt communication protocol in iot system. Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EECSI.2017.8239179"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1402-8","article-title":"Secure-MQTT: An Efficient Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Detect DoS Attack in MQTT Protocol for Internet of Things","volume":"2019","author":"Haripriya","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firdous, S.N., Baig, Z., Valli, C., and Ibrahim, A. (2017, January 21\u201323). Modelling and Evaluation of Malicious Attacks against the IoT MQTT Protocol. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), Exeter, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2017.115"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaccari, I., Aiello, M., and Cambiaso, E. (2020). Slowtt: A slow denial of service against iot networks. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11090452"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornel-Cristian, A., Gabriel, T., Arhip-Calin, M., and Zamfirescu, A. (2019, January 3\u20136). Smart home automation with MQTT. Proceedings of the 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2019.8893617"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesjak, C., Hein, D., Hofmann, M., Maritsch, M., Aldrian, A., Priller, P., and Pregartner, G. (2015, January 22\u201324). Securing smart maintenance services: Hardware-security and TLS for MQTT. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 13th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2015.7281913"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/6\/2174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:34:34Z","timestamp":1760135674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/6\/2174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s22062174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22062174","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}}}