{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:05:17Z","timestamp":1767863117090,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Office of Civil Aviation","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]},{"name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At airports, security officers (screeners) inspect X-ray images of passenger baggage in order to prevent threat items (bombs, guns, knives, etc.) from being brought onto an aircraft. Because threat items rarely occur, many airports use a threat-image-projection (TIP) system, which projects pre-recorded X-ray images of threat items onto some of the X-ray baggage images in order to improve the threat detection of screeners. TIP is regulatorily mandated in many countries and is also used to identify officers with insufficient threat-detection performance. However, TIP images sometimes look unrealistic because of artifacts and unrealistic scenarios, which could reduce the efficacy of TIP. Screeners rated a representative sample of TIP images regarding artifacts identified in a pre-study. We also evaluated whether specific image characteristics affect the occurrence rate of artifacts. 24% of the TIP images were rated to display artifacts and 26% to depict unrealistic scenarios, with 34% showing at least one of the two. With two-thirds of the TIP images having been perceived as realistic, we argue that TIP still serves its purpose, but artifacts and unrealistic scenarios should be reduced. Recommendations on how to improve the efficacy of TIP by considering image characteristics are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"2220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["How Realistic Is Threat Image Projection for X-ray Baggage Screening?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Riz \u00e0 Porta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Humans in Complex Systems, School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4600 Olten, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Yanik","family":"Sterchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Humans in Complex Systems, School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4600 Olten, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Schwaninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute Humans in Complex Systems, School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4600 Olten, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"How to Really Improve Airport Security","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ergon. 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