{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:55:36Z","timestamp":1760151336222,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61975088, 41527901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61975088, 41527901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress detection of the conical frustum window is a very important issue to ensure the safety of deep manned submersibles. In this paper, we propose a method based on polarization imaging to evaluate the stress accumulation and recovery in the conical frustum window. An experimental setup of Mueller matrix polarimetry is built, and the samples are made by referring to the typical conical frustum windows in submersibles. By pressurizing different pressures on the samples, we can find the changes of their Mueller matrix images and further derived polarization parameters. The results show that the polarization parameters can characterize the stress transfer process and the elastic\u2013plastic transformation process of the window under different pressurization pressures. We also use a two-layered wave plate model to simulate the stress distribution in the window, which reveals different performances of the former and latter layers of the window under pressurization. Finally, we use a finite element model to simulate and understand some of the above experimental results. This proposed method is expected to provide new possibilities for monitoring the window stress and further ensure the safety of deep manned submersibles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1647401783000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Stress Detection of Conical Frustum Windows in Submersibles Based on Polarization Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hening","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoliang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ocean Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stachiw, J.D. 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