{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T06:15:26Z","timestamp":1782886526503,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESA Contract No. 4000122887\/18\/NL\/DB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESA Contract No. 4000122887\/18\/NL\/DB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Today, a substantial portion of global trade is carried by sea. Consequently, the reliance on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based navigation in the oceans and inland waterways has been rapidly growing. GNSS is vulnerable to various radio frequency interference. The objective of this research is to propose a resilient Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation (MFMC) receiver in the context of maritime navigation to identify any GNSS signal jamming incident and switch to a jamming-free signal immediately. With that goal in mind, the authors implemented a jamming event detector that can identify the start, end, and total duration of the detected jamming event on any of the impacted GNSS signal(s). By utilizing a jamming event detector, the proposed resilient MFMC receiver indeed provides a seamless positioning solution in the event of single-frequency jamming on either the lower or upper L-band. In addition, this manuscript also contains positioning performance analysis of GPS-L5-only, Galileo-E5a-only, and Galileo-E5b-only signals and their multi-GNSS combinations in a maritime operational environment in the Gulf of Finland. The positioning performance of lower L-band GNSS signals in a maritime environment has not been thoroughly investigated as per the authors\u2019 knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1647468904000},"page":"2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Combating Single-Frequency Jamming through a Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation Software Receiver: A Case Study for Maritime Navigation in the Gulf of Finland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-3427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Zahidul H.","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarang","family":"Thombre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"},{"name":"u-blox Espoo Oy, 02600 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Kaasalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). 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