{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:26:16Z","timestamp":1771064776373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2020YFC2200300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200300"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["XDB43030400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB43030400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61875214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61875214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["YIPA2019251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YIPA2019251"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time-to-digital converter (TDC) is the key technology to realize accurate time delay measurement in high-precision optical fiber time-frequency transmission and synchronization, optical sensing and many scientific applications. The performance of FPGA-TDC based on the carry chain is sensitive to the operating temperature. This paper presents a parallel multichain cross segmentation method, without multitime measurements, which merges multichain into an equivalent chain, achieving low temperature coefficient and maintaining high precision. The equivalent chain breaks the limit of the intrinsic cell delay of a single carry chain, improves the precision and reduces the impact of temperature variation significantly. A two-channel TDC based on parallel multichain cross segmentation method is implemented in a 28 nm fabrication process Kintex-7 FPGA. The results show that the performance of TDC is improved with the increase of the number of chains. The 10-chain TDC with 1.3 ps resolution, 4.6 ps single-shot precision performs much better than the plain TDC with 11.4 ps resolution, 8.7 ps single-shot precision. The resolution is stable with 0.0002 ps\/\u00b0C temperature coefficient under an operating temperature range from 25 \u00b0C to 70 \u00b0C. Moreover, the proposed method reduces the complexity of the circuit and the resource usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1647468904000},"page":"2306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Low Temperature Coefficient Time-to-Digital Converter with 1.3 ps Resolution Implemented in a 28 nm FPGA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Haiwen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/53\/1\/18","article-title":"Two-way time transfer via optical fiber providing subpicosecond precision and high temperature stability","volume":"53","author":"Kodet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.45.000208","article-title":"Fiber-optic joint time and frequency transfer with the same wavelength","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. 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