{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:53:38Z","timestamp":1782834818168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Receiver position sensing is investigated in a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Exploiting the peculiar behaviour of the resonator arrays input impedance, it is possible to identify the position of the receiver coil by exciting the first array resonator with a signal at a proper frequency and measuring the resulting current. An analytical expression of the input impedance of the resonator array coupled with the EV receiver coil placed in a generic position is provided; its sensitivity to different circuit parameters is also analysed. The outline of a simple and effective algorithm for the localization of the EV is proposed and applied to a test case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"2317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Receiver\u2013Coil Location Detection in a Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2275-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Simonazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Sandrolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mariscotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, 16145 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2013.2264473","article-title":"Modern trends in inductive power transfer for transportation applications","volume":"1","author":"Covic","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, K., Koh, K.E., Zhu, C., Jiang, J., Wang, C., and Huang, X. (2016). A Review of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for In-Motion Electric Vehicles. Wireless Power Transfer\u2014Fundamentals and Technologies, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/64331"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivi\u00f1o, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., and Aguado, J.A. (2021). Wireless Power Transfer Technologies Applied to Electric Vehicles: A Review. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14061547"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4010022","article-title":"A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges","volume":"4","author":"Sanguesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonazzi, M., Sandrolini, L., Zarri, L., Reggiani, U., and Alberto, J. (2020, January 17\u201319). Model of Misalignment Tolerant Inductive Power Transfer System for EV Charging. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 29th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Delft, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE45063.2020.9152242"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191309","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032563","article-title":"Design of LCC-S Compensation Topology and Optimization of Misalignment Tolerance for Inductive Power Transfer","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"265","article-title":"Evaluation of wireless resonant power transfer systems with human electromagnetic exposure limits","volume":"55","author":"Christ","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariscotti, A. (2021). Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14206789"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"6844","article-title":"Wireless Power Transfer System with an Asymmetric Four-Coil Resonator for Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers","volume":"31","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonazzi, M., Sandrolini, L., and Reggiani, U. (2020, January 23\u201325). Magnetic Near Field Investigation and Shielding Effectiveness Evaluation of an Inductive Power Transfer System with a Resonator Array. Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility\u2014EMC EUROPE, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMCEUROPE48519.2020.9245788"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.04.011","article-title":"How driver behaviour and parking alignment affects inductive charging systems for electric vehicles","volume":"58","author":"Birrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, F., Yang, G., and Song, K. (2020). Coil Positioning for Wireless Power Transfer System of Automatic Guided Vehicle Based on Magnetic Sensing. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185304"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Liu, Y.H., Fang, M., Zheng, Z., and Tang, H. (2015, January 24\u201328). Vision-based intelligent forklift Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV). Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Gothenburg, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoASE.2015.7294072"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2432452","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Object Location System Based on Passive RFID Tags","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2002.807224","article-title":"Steering control of automated vehicles using absolute positioning gps and magnetic markers","volume":"52","author":"Hernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2308307","article-title":"Detection of EVs on IPT Highways","volume":"2","author":"Nagendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670510","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5670510","article-title":"Magnetic Alignment Detection Using Existing Charging Facility in Wireless EV Chargers","volume":"2016","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seong, J.Y., and Lee, S.S. (2019). Optimization of the Alignment Method for an Electric Vehicle Magnetic Field Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Low-Frequency Ferrite Rod Antenna. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12244689"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2883708","article-title":"Design and Implementation of a Multi-Purpose TMR Sensor Matrix for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7387","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2017.2765521","article-title":"Dual-Purpose Nonoverlapping Coil Sets as Metal Object and Vehicle Position Detections for Wireless Stationary EV Chargers","volume":"33","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosu, S.G., Khalilian, M., Cirimele, V., and Guglielmi, P. (2016, January 23\u201326). A dynamic wireless charging system for electric vehicles based on DC\/AC converters with SiC MOSFET-IGBT switches and resonant gate-drive. Proceedings of the IECON 2016\u201442nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2016.7793809"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laporte, S., Coquery, G., Deniau, V., Bernardinis, A.D., and Hauti\u00e8re, N. (2019). Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Charging Infrastructure for Future EVs: From Experimental Track to Real Circulated Roads Demonstrations. World Electr. Veh. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj10040084"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2205404","article-title":"Comparison of position-independent contactless energy transfer systems","volume":"28","author":"Smeets","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"SAE Recommended Practice J2954 (2017). Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-In\/ Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology, SAE International."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2347006","article-title":"A Double-Sided LCC Compensation Network and Its Tuning Method for Wireless Power Transfer","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Z., Zhang, Y., Song, B., Zhang, K., Kan, T., and Mi, C. (2019). An LCC-P Compensated Wireless Power Transfer System with a Constant Current Output and Reduced Receiver Size. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12010172"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/JESTPE.2014.2311302","article-title":"Modeling and \u03b7-\u03b1-Pareto Optimization of Inductive Power Transfer Coils for Electric Vehicles","volume":"3","author":"Bosshard","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonazzi, M., Campanini, A., Sandrolini, L., and Rossi, C. (2021, January 14\u201316). Single Stage Wireless Power Transfer Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE-POWERENG50821.2021.9501183"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solymar, L., and Shamonina, E. (2009). Waves in Metamaterials, OUP Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199215331.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonazzi, M., Reggiani, U., and Sandrolini, L. (2022). Standing Wave Pattern and Distribution of Currents in Resonator Arrays for Wireless Power Transfer. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15020652"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonazzi, M., Campanini, A., Sandrolini, L., and Rossi, C. (2021). Design Procedure Based on Maximum Efficiency for Wireless Power Transfer Battery Chargers with Lightweight Vehicle Assembly. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15010070"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERB18011704","article-title":"Fast Calculation and Analysis of the Equivalent Impedance of a Wireless Power Transfer System Using an Array of Magnetically Coupled Resonators","volume":"80","author":"Alberto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2014.2369811","article-title":"Magnetoinductive waves and wireless power transfer","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2021, December 31). AMC1202 Precision, \u00b150-mV Input, Basic Isolated Amplifier. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/AMC1202."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2021, December 31). AMC3301 Precision, \u00b1250-mV Input, Reinforced Isolated Amplifier with Integrated DC\/DC Converter. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/AMC3301."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Broadcom (2021, December 31). ACPL-790B, ACPL-790A, ACPL-7900 Precision Isolation Amplifiers. Available online: https:\/\/www.mouser.it\/datasheet\/2\/678\/ub-005417_DS_ACPL-790x_2016-07-19-1143674.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2021, December 31). TMS320C6652 and TMS320C6654 Fixed and Floating-Point Digital Signal Processor. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/gpn\/tms320c6652.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Texas Instruments (2021, December 31). SM320C6712 Floating Point Digital Signal Processors. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/gpn\/SM320C6712D-EP.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/6\/2317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:01Z","timestamp":1760135881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/6\/2317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s22062317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22062317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}}}