{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1792806529144,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFE0117600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0117600"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRF-TP-18-048A1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)- SFB\/TRR 339","award":["453596084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["453596084"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectric ceramics have good electromechanical coupling characteristics and a high sensitivity to load. One typical engineering application of piezoelectric ceramic is its use as a signal source for Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) systems in road traffic monitoring. However, piezoelectric ceramics are also sensitive to temperature, which affects their measurement accuracy. In this study, a new piezoelectric ceramic WIM sensor was developed. The output signals of sensors under different loads and temperatures were obtained. The results were corrected using polynomial regression and a Genetic Algorithm Back Propagation (GA-BP) neural network algorithm, respectively. The results show that the GA-BP neural network algorithm had a better effect on sensor temperature compensation. Before and after GA-BP compensation, the maximum relative error decreased from about 30% to less than 4%. The sensitivity coefficient of the sensor reduced from 1.0192 \u00d7 10\u22122\/\u00b0C to 1.896 \u00d7 10\u22124\/\u00b0C. The results show that the GA-BP algorithm greatly reduced the influence of temperature on the piezoelectric ceramic sensor and improved its temperature stability and accuracy, which helped improve the efficiency of clean-energy harvesting and conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"2396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Investigation of the Temperature Compensation of Piezoelectric Weigh-In-Motion Sensors Using a Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5983-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Highway Engineering (ISAC), RWTH Aachen University, D52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint USTB Virginia Tech Lab on Multifunctional Materials, USTB, Virginia Tech, Department Civil & Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuedong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100141, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000561","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Weight Factor on Performance of Piezoelectric Weigh-in-Motion Sensors","volume":"139","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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