{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:39:43Z","timestamp":1764175183369,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid MARTINLARA - CM","award":["P2018\/NMT-4333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2018\/NMT-4333"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigacion","award":["PID2019-109984RB-C41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-109984RB-C41"]}]},{"name":"RTC2017-6394-7","award":["RTC2017-6394-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2017-6394-7"]}]},{"name":"Fundacion SENER (REFTA)","award":["Fundacion SENER (REFTA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fundacion SENER (REFTA)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, the design of an integrated 183GHz radiometer frontend for earth observation applications on satellites is presented. By means of the efficient electro-optic modulation of a laser pump with the observed millimeter-wave signal followed by the detection of the generated optical sideband, a room-temperature low-noise receiver frontend alternative to conventional Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) or Schottky mixers is proposed. Efficient millimeter-wave to 1550 nm upconversion is realized via a nonlinear optical process in a triply resonant high-Q Lithium Niobate (LN) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) resonator. By engineering a micromachined millimeter-wave cavity that maximizes the overlap with the optical modes while guaranteeing phase matching, the system has a predicted normalized photon-conversion efficiency \u224810\u22121 per mW pump power, surpassing the state-of-the-art by around three orders of magnitude at millimeter-wave frequencies. A piezo-driven millimeter-wave tuning mechanism is designed to compensate for the fabrication and assembly tolerances and reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T21:48:42Z","timestamp":1647899322000},"page":"2400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Integrated Millimeter-Wave Satellite Radiometer Working at Room-Temperature with High Photon Conversion Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerlos Atia","family":"Abdalmalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4736-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Santamaria","family":"Botello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallika Irene","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 3016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enderson","family":"Falc\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro Rivera","family":"Lavado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yebes Observatory, National Geographic Institute of Spain, 19141 Guadalajara, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Enrique","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023331","article-title":"Microwave hyperspectral measurements for temperature and humidity atmospheric profiling from satellite: The clear-sky case","volume":"120","author":"Aires","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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