{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:55:46Z","timestamp":1776927346689,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For self-driving systems or autonomous vehicles (AVs), accurate lane-level localization is a important for performing complex driving maneuvers. Classical GNSS-based methods are usually not accurate enough to have lane-level localization to support the AV\u2019s maneuvers. LiDAR-based localization can provide accurate localization. However, the price of LiDARs is still one of the big issues preventing this kind of solution from becoming wide-spread commodity. Therefore, in this work, we propose a low-cost solution for lane-level localization using a vision-based system and a low-cost GPS to achieve high precision lane-level localization. Experiments in real-world and real-time demonstrate that the proposed method achieves good lane-level localization accuracy, outperforming solutions based on only GPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"2434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Map-Matching-Based Localization Using Camera and Low-Cost GPS for Lane-Level Accuracy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahmad","family":"Sadli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR 8520, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts de France, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, F-59313 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Afkir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transalley Technopole, 59300 Famars, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdenour","family":"Hadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR 8520, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts de France, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, F-59313 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atika","family":"Rivenq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR 8520, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts de France, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, F-59313 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelmalik","family":"Taleb-Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), UMR 8520, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts de France, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, F-59313 Valenciennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9115-1","article-title":"Model based vehicle detection and tracking for autonomous urban driving","volume":"26","author":"Petrovskaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auton. 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