{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:31:07Z","timestamp":1781350267918,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we analyze a combined terrestrial-underwater optical communication link for providing high-speed optical connectivity between onshore and submerge systems. For this purpose, different transmission signaling schemes were employed to obtain performance results in terms of average bit error rate (ABER). In this sense, from the starting point of a known conditional bit-error-rate (CBER) in the absence of turbulence, the behavior of the entire system is obtained by applying an amplify-and-forward (AF) based dual-hop system: The first link is a terrestrial free-space optical (FSO) system assuming a M\u00e1laga distributed turbulence and, the second one, is an underwater FSO system with a Weibull channel model. To obtain performance results, a semi-analytical simulation procedure is applied, using a hyper-exponential fitting technique previously proposed by the authors and leading to BER closed-form expressions and high-accuracy numerical results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1648073286000},"page":"2464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cooperative Terrestrial-Underwater Wireless Optical Links by Using an Amplify-and-Forward Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4381-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Jurado-Navas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Optical Communications Lab., University Institute of Telecommunication Research (TELMA), University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Optical Communications Lab., University Institute of Telecommunication Research (TELMA), University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Optical Communications Lab., University Institute of Telecommunication Research (TELMA), University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9417-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Castillo-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Optical Communications Lab., University Institute of Telecommunication Research (TELMA), University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21793-1","article-title":"Compensation-free high-dimensional free-space optical communication using turbulence-resilient vector beams","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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