{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:15:34Z","timestamp":1772262934954,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["957286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["957286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The large development of Internet of Things technologies is increasing the use of smart-devices to solve and support several real-life issues. In many cases, the aim is to move toward systems that, even if significant demands are not required in terms of quantity of exchanged data, they should be very reliable in terms of battery life and signal coverage. Networks that have these characteristics are the Low Power WAN (LPWAN). One of the most interesting LPWAN is LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN is a network with four principal components: end-devices, gateways, network servers, and application servers. It uses a LoRa physical layer to exchange messages between end-devices and gateways that forward these messages, through classic TCP\/IP protocol, to the network server. In this work, we analyse LoRa and LoRaWAN by looking at its transmission characteristics and network behaviour, respectively, explaining the role of its components and showing the message exchange. This analysis is performed through the exploration of a dataset taken from the literature collecting real LoRaWAN packets. The goal of the work is twofold: (1) to investigate, under different perspectives, how a LoRaWAN works and (2) to provide software tools that can be used in several other LoraWAN datasets to measure the network behaviour. We carry out six different analyses to look at the most important features of LoRaWAN. For each analysis we present the adopted measurement strategy as well as the obtained results in the specific use case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1648073286000},"page":"2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["LoRaWAN Behaviour Analysis through Dataset Traffic Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5920-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Spadaccino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIET, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, 00133 Parma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Giuseppe","family":"Crin\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9122-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIET, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CNIT, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, 00133 Parma, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sinha, S. (2022, January 30). State of IoT 2021: Number of Connected IoT Devices Growing 9% to 12.3 Billion Globally, Cellular IoT Now Surpassing 2 Billion. Available online: https:\/\/iot-analytics.com\/number-connected-iot-devices."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatia, L., Breza, M., Marfievici, R., and McCann, J.A. (2020, January 16). 2020 Dataset LoED the LoRaWAN at the Edge Dataset. Proceedings of the 3rd International SenSys+BuildSys Workshop on Data Acquisition to Analysis (DATA 2020), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3419016.3431491"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). Semtech LoRa Overwiev. Available online: https:\/\/www.semtech.com\/lora."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Semtech Corporation (2022, January 30). LoRa and LoRaWAN: A Technical Overview, Semtech Corporation 200 Flynn Road, Camarillo, CA 93012. Available online: https:\/\/lora-developers.semtech.com\/uploads\/documents\/files\/LoRa_and_LoRaWAN-A_Tech_Overview-Downloadable.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"LoRa\u00ae Alliance Technical Marketing Workgroup (2022, January 30). LoRaWAN\u2122, What is it? A technical overview of LoRa\u00ae and LoRaWAN\u2122. LoRa Alliance\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/what-is-lorawan.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Sornin, N., and Yegin, A. (2017). LoRaWAN\u2122 1.1 Specification, LoRa Alliance, Inc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). LoRa Technology Is Connecting Our Smart Planet, Semtech Corporation. Available online: https:\/\/www.semtech.com\/lora\/lora-applications."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). UseCase-EBook-SmartCitiesoftheFuture. Semtech Corporation. Available online: https:\/\/info.semtech.com\/lora-smart-cities-ebook."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). LoRa Edge\u2122, Semtech Corporation. Available online: https:\/\/www.semtech.com\/products\/wireless-rf\/lora-edge."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). Monitoring of Covid-19 Vaccines storage And Transportation. OrionM2M\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/member-press-release\/monitoring-of-covid-19-vaccines-storage-and-transportation."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2946487","article-title":"A Thorough Study of LoRaWAN Performance Under Different Parameter Settings","volume":"7","author":"Magrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garlisi, D., Martino, A., and Zouwayhed, J. (2021). Exploratory approach for network behavior clustering in LoRaWAN. J. Ambient. Intell. Hum. Comput., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03121-z"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). The Things Stack. Available online: https:\/\/www.thethingsindustries.com\/stack."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro-Betancur, V., Premsankar, G., Slabicki, M., and Di Francesco, M. (2021, January 10\u201313). Modeling Communication Reliability in LoRa Networks with Device-level Accuracy. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488783"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferre, G. (September, January 28). Collision and packet loss analysis in a LoRaWAN network. Proceedings of the 2017 25th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Kos, Greece.","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO.2017.8081678"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2022.02.017","article-title":"Discovery privacy threats via device de-anonymization in LoRaWAN","volume":"189","author":"Spadaccino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Di Vincenzo, V. (2022, January 30). Improving Downlink Scalability in LoRaWAN, Rel. Paolo Giaccone, Politecnico di Torino, Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Informatica (Computer Engineering). Available online: https:\/\/webthesis.biblio.polito.it\/14451\/1\/tesi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, January 30). ChirpStack Open-Source LoRaWAN Network Server Stack, Orne Brocaar. Available online: https:\/\/www.chirpstack.io."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:38Z","timestamp":1760136098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22072470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22072470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]}}}