{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:28:11Z","timestamp":1780680491527,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002628","name":"Incheon National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle-to-vehicle communication based on visible light communication has gained much attention. This work proposes a smart license plate receiver incorporated with a fluorescent concentrator, enabling a fast vehicle-to-vehicle communication with a large field of view and high optical gain. Communication performance is experimentally analyzed using off-the-shelf light-emitting diode-based headlamps for low-latency direct line of sight channel. Additionally, a blue laser diode-based beam-steering and tracking system, through image processing of taillights with a steerable mirror, is investigated. Data rates of 54 Mbps from the headlamps and 532 Mbps from the beam-steering channel with \u00b125\u00b0 are demonstrated. In addition, real-time video streaming through the beam-steering channel is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"2485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Smart License Plate in Combination with Fluorescent Concentrator for Vehicular Visible Light Communication System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonghyeon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3907-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunchae","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Koo, S., and Choi, J.W. (2020, January 21\u201323). Analysis on Path Rerouting Algorithm based on V2X Communication for Traffic Flow Improvement. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC49870.2020.9289196"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Jung, Y., Park, Y.H., and Kim, S.W. (2021). Design of V2X-Based Vehicular Contents Centric Networks for Autonomous Driving. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3125358"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11888","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2946420","article-title":"Cooperative Superposed Transmission in Cellular-Based V2V Systems","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.08.021","article-title":"Mixing V2V- and non-V2V-equipped vehicles in car following","volume":"108","author":"Navas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2021.101562","article-title":"An effective hybrid V2V\/V2I transmission latency method based on LSTM neural network","volume":"51","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.001696","article-title":"Performance analysis of a car-to-car visible light communication system","volume":"54","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental Demonstration of VLC-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications under Fog Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nawaz, T., Seminara, M., Caputo, S., Mucchi, L., and Catani, J. (2020). Low-Latency VLC System with Fresnel Receiver for I2V ITS Applications. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9030035"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illanko, K., and Fernando, X. (2021, January 25\u201328). Adaptive Minimization of Direct Sunlight Noise on V2V-VLC Receivers. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448714"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, W., Manousiadis, P., O\u2019Brien, D.C., Turnbull, G., Samuel, I., and Collins, S. (2021). 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