{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1760151636698,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Generalized space-time-frequency index modulation (GSTFIM) inherits the drawbacks of the conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (OFDM), such as being sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO). For a robust design against this problem, in this contribution, a novel construction of a message passing (MP)-aided detector is developed for GSTFIM systems to combat the influence of CFO, while offering a flexible tradeoff between transmission performance and computational complexity. Through complexity analysis and simulation results, we demonstrate that, in the context of CFO, with a careful design, the developed MP detector is capable of approaching traditional GSTFIM with maximum likelihood (ML) detection, and of offering better performance at lower complexity compared to its minimum mean-square-error (MMSE)-aided counterpart.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1648416685000},"page":"2548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Signal Detection for GSTFIM Systems with Carrier Frequency Offset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Shiwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Chengliang","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Research Institute of CETC, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Research Institute of CETC, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2007.912136","article-title":"Spatial modulation","volume":"57","author":"Mesleh","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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