{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:37:05Z","timestamp":1781282225726,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFA0701400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0701400"]}]},{"name":"the Joint Construction Project of Zhejiang province and Health Ministry","award":["WKJ-ZJ-2029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WKJ-ZJ-2029"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021C03108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C03108"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","award":["No. 2021C04G2013057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2021C04G2013057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscular atrophy after limb fracture is a frequently occurring complication with multiple causes. Different treatments and targeted rehabilitation procedures should be carried out based on the causes. However, bedside evaluation methods are invasive in clinical practice nowadays, lacking reliable non-invasive methods. In this study, we propose a non-invasive flexible surface electromyography system with machine learning algorithms to distinguish nerve-injury and limb immobilization-related atrophy. First, a flexible surface electromyography sensor was designed and verified by in vitro tests for its robustness and flexibility. Then, in vivo tests on rats proved the reliability compared with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. Finally, this system was applied for the diagnosis of muscular atrophy in 10 patients. The flexible surface electromyography sensor can achieve a max strain of 12.0%, which ensures close contact with the skin. The in vivo tests on rats show great comparability with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. It can achieve a high specificity of 95.28% and sensitivity of 98.98%. Application on patients reaches a relatively high specificity of 89.44% and sensitivity of 91.94%. The proposed painless surface electromyography system can be an easy and accurate supplementary for bedside muscular atrophy causes evaluation, holding excellent contact with the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"2640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-Invasive Muscular Atrophy Causes Evaluation for Limb Fracture Based on Flexible Surface Electromyography System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiachuan","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro\/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro\/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"},{"name":"Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shurong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro\/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.06.011","article-title":"Disuse-induced muscle wasting","volume":"45","author":"Bodine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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