{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T12:26:38Z","timestamp":1769430398550,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the extremely low-voltage supply of the CMOS structure of a differential difference transconductance amplifier (DDTA). With a 0.3-volt supply voltage, the circuit offers rail-to-rail operational capability. The circuit is designed for low-frequency biomedical and sensor applications, and it consumes 357.4 nW of power. Based on two DDTAs and two grounded capacitors, a voltage-mode universal filter and quadrature oscillator are presented as applications. The universal filter possesses high-input impedance and electronic tuning ability of the natural frequency in the range of tens up to hundreds of Hz. The total harmonic distortion (THD) for the band-pass filter was 0.5% for 100 mVpp @ 84.47 Hz input voltage. The slight modification of the filter yields a quadrature oscillator. The condition and the frequency of oscillation are orthogonally controllable. The frequency of oscillation can also be controlled electronically. The THD for a 67 Hz oscillation frequency was around 1.2%. The circuit is designed and simulated in a Cadence environment using 130 nm CMOS technology from United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC). The simulation results confirm the performance of the designed circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"2655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["0.3-Volt Rail-to-Rail DDTA and Its Application in a Universal Filter and Quadrature Oscillator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Khateb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, N\u00e1m. S\u00edtn\u00e1 3105, 166 36 Kladno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montree","family":"Kumngern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kulej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7607-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalibor","family":"Biolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cds.2012.0372","article-title":"0.5 V bulk driven CMOS operational amplifier","volume":"7","author":"Kulej","year":"2013","journal-title":"IET Circuits Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-014-9906-2","article-title":"0.4-V bulk-driven operational amplifier with improved input stage","volume":"34","author":"Kulej","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.2465","article-title":"Design and implementation of sub 0.5-V OTAs in 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS","volume":"46","author":"Kulej","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2022.3144095","article-title":"A 0.3-V high linear rail-to-rail bulk-driven OTA in 0.13 \u00b5m CMOS","volume":"69","author":"Kulej","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.\u2014II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-018-0901-x","article-title":"0.3-V bulk-driven nanopower OTA-C integrator in 0.18 \u00b5m CMOS","volume":"38","author":"Khateb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-014-0385-y","article-title":"A 0.25-V 22-nS symmetrical bulk-driven OTA for low frequency Gm\u2013C applications in 130-nm digital CMOS process","volume":"81","author":"Colletta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-011-9618-5","article-title":"An ultra-low-power CMOS symmetrical OTA for low-frequency Gm-C applications","volume":"71","author":"Cotrim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.891717","article-title":"1-V Rail-to-Rail CMOS OpAmp with Improved Bulk-Driven Input Stage","volume":"42","author":"Carrillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2009.1551","article-title":"Bulk-driven differential voltage follower","volume":"45","author":"Vlassis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-009-9425-4","article-title":"0.8 V bulk-driven operational amplifier","volume":"63","author":"Raikos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analog Integr. Circ. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"863","article-title":"A Family of Low-Voltage Bulk-Driven CMOS Continuous-Time CMFB Circuits","volume":"57","author":"Carrillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2012.03.015","article-title":"0.5 V bulk-driven analog building blocks","volume":"66","author":"Raikos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AE\u00dc)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2015.02.009","article-title":"0.4-V bulk-driven differential-difference amplifier","volume":"46","author":"Kulej","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2866179","article-title":"Design and implementation of a 0.3-V differential difference amplifier","volume":"66","author":"Khateb","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.920333","article-title":"CMOS Transconductors with Continuous Tuning Using FGMOS Balanced Output Current Scaling","volume":"43","author":"Carvajal","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2332","article-title":"360 nW Gate-Driven Ultra-Low Voltage CMOS Linear Transconductor with 1 MHz Bandwidth and Wide Input Range","volume":"67","author":"Carvajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14325","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3147665","article-title":"MIOTA-based Filters for Noise and Motion Artifact Reductions in Biosignal Acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Khateb","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M., Aupithak, N., Khateb, F., and Kulej, T. (2020). 0.5V Fifth-Order Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Using Multiple-Input OTA for ECG Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247343"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187832","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030239","article-title":"0.5 V Fully Differential Universal Filter Based on Multiple Input OTAs","volume":"8","author":"Jaikla","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32582","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3060939","article-title":"Voltage-Mode Elliptic Band-Pass Filter Based on Multiple-Input Transconductor","volume":"9","author":"Prommee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152930","article-title":"0.5 V Sixth-order Chebyshev band-pass filter based on multiple-input bulk-driven OTA","volume":"111","author":"Kumngern","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2020.153576","article-title":"Nanopower multiple-input DTMOS OTA and its applications to high-order filters for biomedical systems","volume":"130","author":"Kumngern","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56253","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3071829","article-title":"Multiple-Input Universal Filter and Quadrature Oscillator Using Multiple-Input Operational Transconductance Amplifiers","volume":"9","author":"Kumngern","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103784","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3098183","article-title":"0.5-V High Linear and Wide Tunable OTA for Biomedical Applications","volume":"9","author":"Khateb","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-018-0999-x","article-title":"Multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor for low-voltage low-frequency applications","volume":"38","author":"Khateb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2018.12.023","article-title":"Multiple-input bulk-driven quasi-floating-gate MOS transistor for low-voltage low-power integrated circuits","volume":"100","author":"Khateb","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.06.003","article-title":"Comparative performance study of multiple-input Bulk-driven and multiple-input Bulk-driven Quasi-floating-gate DDCCs","volume":"108","author":"Khateb","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaikla, W., Khateb, F., Kulej, T., and Pitaksuttayaprot, K. (2021). Universal Filter Based on Compact CMOS Structure of VDDDA. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051683"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaikla, W., Bunrueangsak, S., Khateb, F., Kulej, T., Suwanjan, P., and Supavarasuwat, P. (2021). Inductance Simulators and Their Application to the 4th Order Elliptic Lowpass Ladder Filter Using CMOS VD-DIBAs. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10060684"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaikla, W., Adhan, S., Suwanjan, P., and Kumngern, M. (2020). Current\/voltage controlled quadrature sinusoidal oscillators for phase sensitive detection using commercially available IC. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051319"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2004.11.027","article-title":"A 22.5 MHz current-mode KHN-biquad using deferential voltage current conveyor and grounded passive elements","volume":"59","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2005","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Alexander, C.K., and Sadiku, M.K.O. (2017). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGraw-Hill. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2019.104675","article-title":"Sub-\u03bcW Tow-Thomas based biquad filter with improved gain for biomedical applications","volume":"95","author":"Povoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/cta.783","article-title":"Low-power quadrature generators for body area network applications","volume":"41","author":"Masuch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, H., Gupta, S., and Schiavenato, M. (November, January 30). An 143nW relaxation oscillator for ultra-low power biomedical systems. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE SENSORS, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2016.7808755"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"905","article-title":"High-Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Multifunction Filter Using a Single DDCCTA and Grounded Passive Elements","volume":"20","author":"Tangsrirat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M. (2012, January 5\u20136). DDTA and DDCCTA: New active elements for analog signal processing. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Electronics Design, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDSA.2012.6507784"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumngern, M. (2015, January 2\u20134). CMOS differential difference voltage follower transconductance amplifier. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Circuits and Systems Symposium (ICSyS), Langkawi, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CircuitsAndSystems.2015.7394080"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.132.843","article-title":"Electronically Tunable Quadrature Oscillator Employing Single Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier","volume":"132","author":"Yesil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1080\/00207217.2020.1870737","article-title":"Odd- and even-order electronically controlled wave active filter employing differential difference trans-conductance amplifier (DDTA)","volume":"108","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152822","article-title":"Independently tunable voltage-mode OTA-C biquadratic filter with five inputs and three outputs and its fully-uncoupled quadrature sinusoidal oscillator application","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-F., Chen, H.-P., Kuu, Y., and Lee, C.-L. (2020). Versatile voltage-mode biquadratic filter and quadrature oscillator using four OTAs and two grounded capacitors. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091493"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-F., Chen, H.-P., Ku, Y., and Lin, Y.-C. (2019). Versatile tunable voltage-mode biquadratic filter and its application in quadrature oscillator. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102349"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13330","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3050751","article-title":"Analytical Synthesis of High-Pass, Band-Pass and Low-Pass Biquadratic Filters and its Quadrature Oscillator Application Using Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faseehuddin, M., Herencsar, N., Albrni, M.A., and Sampe, J. (2021). Electronically Tunable Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Employing a Single Active Block and a Minimum Number of Passive Components. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010055"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faseehuddin, M., Herencsar, N., Shireen, S., Tangsrirat, W., and Ali, S.H.M. (2022). Voltage Differencing Buffered Amplifier-Based Novel Truly Mixed-Mode Biquadratic Universal Filter with Versatile Input\/Output Features. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031229"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namdari, A., and Dolatshahi, M. (2022). Design of a low-voltage and low-power, reconfigurable universal OTA-C filter. Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Processing.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-022-01996-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/00207210110071279","article-title":"Versatile voltage-mode active-only biquad with lossless and lossy integrator loop","volume":"88","author":"Tsukutani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:46:30Z","timestamp":1760136390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/7\/2655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s22072655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22072655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}}}