{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T13:29:41Z","timestamp":1772112581112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Assignment","award":["AAAA-A19-119042590085-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAAA-A19-119042590085-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/TK04\/UKM\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/TK04\/UKM\/02\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008561","name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOLD 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOLD 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we studied the possibility of increasing the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) detection accuracy in distributed fibre-optic sensors by the separate and joint use of different algorithms for finding the spectral maximum: Lorentzian curve fitting (LCF, including the Levenberg\u2013Marquardt (LM) method), the backward correlation technique (BWC) and a machine learning algorithm, the generalized linear model (GLM). The study was carried out on real spectra subjected to the subsequent addition of extreme digital noise. The precision and accuracy of the LM and BWC methods were studied by varying the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and by incorporating the GLM method into the processing steps. It was found that the use of methods in sequence gives a gain in the accuracy of determining the sensor temperature from tenths to several degrees Celsius (or MHz in BFS scale), which is manifested for signal-to-noise ratios within 0 to 20 dB. We have found out that the double processing (BWC + GLM) is more effective for positive SNR values (in dB): it gives a gain in BFS measurement precision near 0.4 \u00b0C (428 kHz or 9.3 \u03bc\u03b5); for BWC + GLM, the difference of precisions between single and double processing for SNRs below 2.6 dB is about 1.5 \u00b0C (1.6 MHz or 35 \u03bc\u03b5). In this case, double processing is more effective for all SNRs. The described technique\u2019s potential application in structural health monitoring (SHM) of concrete objects and different areas in metrology and sensing were also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1648762469000},"page":"2677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Improving Prediction Accuracy and Extraction Precision of Frequency Shift from Low-SNR Brillouin Gain Spectra in Distributed Structural Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Dalilla","family":"Nordin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fairuz","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1440-5434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9060-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Ashrif","family":"A Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton I.","family":"Krivosheev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor L.","family":"Barkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri A.","family":"Konstantinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a, Lenin Street, 614990 Perm, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106719","article-title":"Recent advances in the use of inhibitors to prevent chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete","volume":"154","author":"Bolzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. 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