{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:34:24Z","timestamp":1774366464756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016152","name":"Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015LCO-134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LCO-134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroticism has recently received increased attention in the psychology field due to the finding of high implications of neuroticism on an individual\u2019s life and broader public health. This study aims to investigate the effect of a brief 6-week breathing-based mindfulness intervention (BMI) on undergraduate neurotic students\u2019 emotion regulation. We acquired data of their psychological states, physiological changes, and electroencephalogram (EEG), before and after BMI, in resting states and tasks. Through behavioral analysis, we found the students\u2019 anxiety and stress levels significantly reduced after BMI, with p-values of 0.013 and 0.027, respectively. Furthermore, a significant difference between students in emotion regulation strategy, that is, suppression, was also shown. The EEG analysis demonstrated significant differences between students before and after MI in resting states and tasks. Fp1 and O2 channels were identified as the most significant channels in evaluating the effect of BMI. The potential of these channels for classifying (single-channel-based) before and after BMI conditions during eyes-opened and eyes-closed baseline trials were displayed by a good performance in terms of accuracy (~77%), sensitivity (76\u201380%), specificity (73\u201377%), and area-under-the-curve (AUC) (0.66\u20130.8) obtained by k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Mindfulness can thus improve the self-regulation of the emotional state of neurotic students based on the psychometric and electrophysiological analyses conducted in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:29:15Z","timestamp":1648762155000},"page":"2703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Emotion Self-Regulation in Neurotic Students: A Pilot Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Assess Its Effectiveness through Brain Signals and Behavioral Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Lila Iznita","family":"Izhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Assistive and Rehabilitative Technology (SMART) Research Group, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areej","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Future University, Khartoum 10553, Sudan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmi Edison","family":"Rizki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Centre, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Jakarta 12130, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5819-0754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Kai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University of Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97697-3","article-title":"Mental health prevalence and predictors among university students in nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national study","volume":"11","author":"Ochnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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